Power supply and electrical networks. General requirements

Free technical library

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Free library / Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician

Section 1 General Rules

Power supply and electrical networks. General requirements

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE)

Comments on the article

1.2.11. When designing power supply systems and reconstructing electrical installations, the following issues should be considered:

1) the prospect of development of energy systems and power supply systems, taking into account the rational combination of newly constructed electrical networks with existing and newly constructed networks of other voltage classes;

2) ensuring a comprehensive centralized power supply to all consumers of electrical energy located in the coverage area of electrical networks, regardless of their affiliation;

3) limitation of short-circuit currents by limiting levels determined for the future;

4) reduction of electrical energy losses;

5) compliance of decisions made with the conditions of environmental protection.

At the same time, external and internal power supply should be considered in a complex, taking into account the possibilities and economic feasibility of technological redundancy.

When resolving redundancy issues, one should take into account the overload capacity of electrical installation elements, as well as the availability of a reserve in process equipment.

1.2.12. When solving the issues of development of power supply systems, repair, emergency and post-accident modes should be taken into account.

1.2.13. When choosing independent mutually redundant power sources that are objects of the power system, one should take into account the possibility of a simultaneous dependent short-term decrease or complete loss of voltage for the duration of the relay protection and automation in case of damage to the electrical part of the power system, as well as a simultaneous long-term loss of voltage on these power sources in case of heavy system accidents.

1.2.14. Requirements 1.2.11-1.2.13 must be taken into account at all intermediate stages of development of power systems and power supply systems.

1.2.15. The design of electrical networks should be carried out taking into account the type of their service (permanent duty, duty at home, mobile teams, etc.).

1.2.16. The operation of electrical networks with a voltage of 2-35 kV can be provided both with an isolated neutral and with a neutral grounded through an arcing reactor or resistor.

Compensation for the capacitive earth fault current must be applied at the values of this current in normal conditions:

in networks with a voltage of 3-20 kV, having reinforced concrete and metal supports on overhead power lines, and in all networks with a voltage of 35 kV - more than 10 A;
in networks that do not have reinforced concrete and metal supports on overhead power lines:
more than 30 A at a voltage of 3-6 kV;
more than 20 A at a voltage of 10 kV;
more than 15 A at a voltage of 15-20 kV;
in generator voltage circuits of 6-20 kV generator-transformer units - more than 5A.

For ground fault currents over 50 A, it is recommended to use at least two grounding reactors.

The operation of electrical networks with a voltage of 110 kV can be provided both with a solidly grounded and with an effectively grounded neutral.

Electrical networks with a voltage of 220 kV and above should only work with a solidly grounded neutral.

See other articles Section Rules for the installation of electrical installations (PUE).

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

Machine for thinning flowers in gardens 02.05.2024

In modern agriculture, technological progress is developing aimed at increasing the efficiency of plant care processes. The innovative Florix flower thinning machine was presented in Italy, designed to optimize the harvesting stage. This tool is equipped with mobile arms, allowing it to be easily adapted to the needs of the garden. The operator can adjust the speed of the thin wires by controlling them from the tractor cab using a joystick. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of the flower thinning process, providing the possibility of individual adjustment to the specific conditions of the garden, as well as the variety and type of fruit grown in it. After testing the Florix machine for two years on various types of fruit, the results were very encouraging. Farmers such as Filiberto Montanari, who has used a Florix machine for several years, have reported a significant reduction in the time and labor required to thin flowers. ... >>

Advanced Infrared Microscope 02.05.2024

Microscopes play an important role in scientific research, allowing scientists to delve into structures and processes invisible to the eye. However, various microscopy methods have their limitations, and among them was the limitation of resolution when using the infrared range. But the latest achievements of Japanese researchers from the University of Tokyo open up new prospects for studying the microworld. Scientists from the University of Tokyo have unveiled a new microscope that will revolutionize the capabilities of infrared microscopy. This advanced instrument allows you to see the internal structures of living bacteria with amazing clarity on the nanometer scale. Typically, mid-infrared microscopes are limited by low resolution, but the latest development from Japanese researchers overcomes these limitations. According to scientists, the developed microscope allows creating images with a resolution of up to 120 nanometers, which is 30 times higher than the resolution of traditional microscopes. ... >>

Air trap for insects 01.05.2024

Agriculture is one of the key sectors of the economy, and pest control is an integral part of this process. A team of scientists from the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-Central Potato Research Institute (ICAR-CPRI), Shimla, has come up with an innovative solution to this problem - a wind-powered insect air trap. This device addresses the shortcomings of traditional pest control methods by providing real-time insect population data. The trap is powered entirely by wind energy, making it an environmentally friendly solution that requires no power. Its unique design allows monitoring of both harmful and beneficial insects, providing a complete overview of the population in any agricultural area. “By assessing target pests at the right time, we can take necessary measures to control both pests and diseases,” says Kapil ... >>

Random news from the Archive

TCL C11G Pro Smart TVs 20.07.2023

TCL has unveiled its latest C11G Pro TV lineup, featuring three models of varying sizes and prices.

The TCL C11G Pro is available in 65", 75", and 85" sizes. All three models are equipped with an advanced QD-Mini LED panel, regardless of the size chosen. These sensors support 144Hz refresh rate and have 4K UHD resolution (3840 x 2160 pixels).

Each TV has a screen brightness of 1500 nits and a contrast ratio of 15:000. The wide color range of BT.000 covers 1% of the spectrum. In addition, the models received IMAX Enhanced certification, support for HDR709, HDR157 +, Dolby Vision and AMD FreeSync Premium Pro.

The TVs are based on a 4-core chip based on the Cortex-A73 architecture. TCL C11G Pro is equipped with 4GB of RAM and 64GB of internal storage. For connecting additional devices, USB-A 3.0 ports and four HDMI 2.1 ports are provided. The sound system has a power of 90 watts.

The price of the TCL C11G Pro model with a diagonal of 65 inches is $1255. Larger models are offered for $1675 and $2230 respectively.

Other interesting news:

▪ Tiny satellites to track global storms

▪ AI algorithm beat the real pilot

▪ ultrasonic magic wand

▪ Instead of drilling teeth - remineralization with electricity

▪ New Panasonic IP Dome Cameras

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site Fundamentals of safe life (OBZhD). Article selection

▪ article Electric motor. History of invention and production

▪ article Where are the foreign countries in Europe? Detailed answer

▪ article Locksmith for the repair and preventive maintenance of livestock farms. Standard instruction on labor protection

▪ article Energy converters (inverters) for a solar battery or a wind generator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Passive tone control combined. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews