Energy converters (inverters) for a solar battery or a wind generator. Scheme, description

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Energy converters (inverters) for a solar battery or a wind generator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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To convert 12 or 24 V DC energy into 220 V AC, a voltage converter (inverter) is used. The power source for the converter is any device that provides the specified voltage - from the battery to the solar battery module and the wind generator.

On sale there are inexpensive converters used for uninterruptible power supply of various consumers with power from several hundred W and several kW.

Electrical appliances operating on alternating current, that is, adapted to be powered directly from the 220 V lighting network, can be connected to the inverter output. The total power consumption of the load devices connected to the inverter should not exceed 300 W.

For reliable and durable operation of the device, it is recommended to leave a free power reserve of up to 20% of the declared (maximum) in the passport data. The popular inverter FW-350 has approximately the same characteristics.

Some technical characteristics of FW-350 inverter:
Output signal: modified sine
Input voltage range: 10-15V (DC)
Rated output power: 300W
Peak output power: 900W
Input current at maximum load: 30 A
Input current at idle: < 0,3 A
Output voltage (AC): 230V ±5%
Output frequency: 50Hz
Efficiency: 85% - 90%
Low battery cut-off voltage (minimum input voltage): 10 ±0,5 V (DC)
Battery discharge signal voltage: 10,5 ±0,5 V (DC)
Overtemperature protection trip temperature: 60 ±5°C (microcontroller)
Overload protection: yes (microcontroller)
Fuse: 35 A.
Dimensions, mm (length, width, height): 155x73x54
Weight: 0,9 kg.

To work with solar panels and modules, similar inverters of different capacities are used.

In table. 2.1 presents powerful inverters for wind turbines.

Table 2.1 Power Inverters

Energy converters (inverters) for a solar battery or a wind generator

Inverter Connection Methods

There are several proven ways to connect multiple inverters (up to 10 for single phase systems, and 3 for 3 phase systems). In the latter case, 3 inverters are switched on each to their own phase, producing 220-230 V phase output voltage or 400 V line voltage. The connection of inverters with three phases is only suitable for a very powerful consumer, so we will consider several simple options with one phase.

Each inverter generates 220-230 V phase voltage at the output. To "power up" the output current, we turn on the same type of inverters (from 1 to 10) in parallel to each other.

The system can be configured so that one (master inverter) remains on while the others (slave) operate in standby mode.

"Slave" devices are switched on only when the load exceeds a certain level.

It is also possible to have a few inverters constantly running in on mode, while the rest are in standby, and turn on as needed.

More details about the methods of connecting power sources (including in parallel), controllers of a mixed design and the features of the operation of voltage inverters are described in the book Kashkarov A.P., Koldunov A.S. Original power supply designs -M.: DMK-Press.-2010.-144 c.-ISBN 978-5-94074-634-8.

The input voltage source must be connected to the AC input terminals of each inverter in a dedicated wiring closet.

Inverter and Battery Precautions

1. Do not charge a cold (frozen) battery.

2. No clamps or lugs are required for AC wiring. Wiring must be copper wire and rated for temperatures of 75°C or higher. Crimp copper ring lugs with a 5/16"-3/8" hole (8-10mm) should be used to connect the battery cables to the DC clamps.

These recommendations are valid for connecting electrical wiring to the terminals of the generator, inverter and to the fuse box inside the house. Soldered cable lugs are also acceptable.

3. All DC cable connections must be tightened to 6,8 Nm.

4. The inverter must be connected to a permanently grounded electrical system. For most installations, the negative battery cable should be connected to the system ground at one (and only one) point in the system.

5. Someone must be within earshot or close enough to come to the rescue.

6. Have plenty of clean water and soap nearby in case battery acid comes into contact with skin, clothes, or eyes.

7. Use eye and clothing protection kits. Avoid touching your eyes when working near batteries. Wash your hands with soap and water after finishing work.

8. If battery acid comes into contact with skin or clothing, wash immediately with soap and water. If acid enters the eye, immediately flush the eye with running cold water for at least 15 minutes and seek medical attention immediately.

9. Baking soda neutralizes the electrolyte in lead-acid batteries. Keep a supply of baking soda near the batteries.

10. Do not smoke or allow sparks or flames near the battery or generator. And, of course, do not work in a state of intoxication, this remark, perhaps, is routine, too well known to everyone.

11. Be extremely careful not to drop a metal tool on the batteries. A short circuit in batteries or other electrical parts may cause a fire or explosion.

12. Remove personal metal objects such as rings, bracelets, chains, and watches when working on the battery. The battery can create a short circuit current high enough to melt them, causing severe burns.

13. If a remote or automatic generator control system is used, when servicing to prevent accidental starting, disable the automatic start circuit and/or disconnect the generator from its starter battery.

Author: Kashkarov A.P.

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