Using a heat pump to receive fusion energy. Scheme, description

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Using a heat pump to receive fusion energy. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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The English physicist Ernest Rutherford was an honest man and made no secret of the fact that he carried out the decomposition of nitrogen into hydrogen and oxygen (in 1919) guided by one of the alchemical manuscripts [1]. Apparently, at the same time, in the gloomy Middle Ages, the "great-grandfather" of modern refrigerators was created (Fig. 1), which, after improvement, could well be the legendary "perpetual motion machine".

Why? Let's look at a classic heat pump (fig.2), which consists of 4 parts: pump (H), blower, compressor; hot circuit (G), hot pipe; expander (D), an engine running on compressed gas (in the commercial version of a heat pump, the expander function is performed by a gas throttle, diaphragm, valve, porous partition, valve, filter, etc.); cold circuit (X), cold pipe, refrigerator.

What happens to air, water vapor and other gases, low-boiling liquids in various parts of the heat pump? Let's start with the blower (H), which pumps gas from the cold circuit (X) to the hot circuit (H). In this case, the volume of the gas decreases, and the density and pressure increase. Since the amount of heat that was contained in the gas remained unchanged, the temperature of the gas increases, because the temperature is the density of the heat contained in the gas. From the supercharger (H), the gas moves into the hot circuit (G), through the walls of which it gives off heat to the environment. The hot circuit feels really hot to the touch. The temperature of the gas passing through the hot circuit gradually decreases, which indicates the loss of part of the heat contained in the gas. From the hot circuit, the gas enters the expander (D), the function of which can be performed by a steam engine, gas turbine and other pneumatic engines. In the expander, the gas expands, reducing its pressure and temperature. Partially or completely, the gas can go into a liquid or even solid (snow-like) state. This phenomenon is used in the liquefaction of gases and in snow generators.

Interestingly, the first gas (ammonia) was liquefied as early as 1799 [2]. We know Michael Faraday (1791 -1867) as a talented electrochemist (see biography in E 4/2000), but all technologists of that time consider him "their own", since Faraday managed to convert almost all gases known at that time into a liquid state. In 1908, scientists managed to convert even helium, which has the lowest liquefaction temperature (-267,9 ° C), into a liquid state. In an expander, especially a turbine expander, one of the most amazing physical phenomena occurs. The fact is that the viscosity of the resistance to the movement of liquids decreases with increasing temperature, and gases, on the contrary, increases [4]. Since the gas in the expander is supercooled, and the liquid (gas condensate) is hot (relatively), the expander operates on an ideal working substance, which gives it the highest specific power among heat engines. Turbines with a rotor diameter of about 10 cm (and even millimeters) develop tens, hundreds of thousands of revolutions per minute and generate thousands of kilowatts of electricity!

A great contribution to the improvement of turboexpanders was made by the physicist P.L. Kapitsa (a student of Rutherford), for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Since the turbine rotor moves at a speed close to the speed of the molecules of the gas itself, the effect of ordering the Brownian motion of the substance molecules and the possibility of a significant selection of its internal energy arises. The electric generator for a turboexpander can be used the simplest: two-pole, asynchronous, high-frequency, and even on superconductors.

But the main thing is not this. Accurate calorimetry of the heat released by the hot circuit (Q1) showed that it is less than that received by the cold circuit (Q2), and the work expended on the blower drive (W1) turned out to be less than the work produced by the expander (W2). Here is the perpetual motion machine. Indeed, by lowering a cold circuit into water, blowing it with warm air or irradiating it with sunlight, you can get an engine of the second kind, which receives the energy of the Sun. Such engines were created by A. Musho (France), J. Erickson (Sweden), A. Enyas (USA).

In 1912, at the suggestion of F. Schumann (Germany) and W. Beuys (Great Britain), near Cairo (Egypt), the largest power plant of that time with a capacity of 45 kW was built. The French physicist F. Joliot-Curie considered it possible to use the solar energy widely in the coming decades [5]. To work in a heat pump E.O. Paton (biography in [6]) suggested using helium. This gas never freezes and has the lowest critical pressure of 0,23-106 Pa (2,3 atm.). The deep heat of the Earth, which is predominantly of radioactive origin, can also be used as a heat source [7]. Then the heat pump can become a receiver not only of the energy of thermonuclear fusion occurring on the Sun (hydrogen - helium), but also of thermonuclear decay inside the Earth (uranium - lead).

It is also true that the sun, water and air cannot yet be put in safes, closed in warehouses, hidden from people. These things are difficult to take away from people to sell later, which is why we are not allowed to use free energy. At one time, millionaire Henry Ford said: "Our society does not understand the monetary economy of banks. And if it did, it would immediately make a revolution" [8]. It's a pity that only millionaires know about it so far...

References:

Frost V. Forget the art of transmutation//Tizhnevik of Galicia. - 24 worms 1999
Goncharenko S. U. Physics. Grade 10 - Kiev: Osvita, 1994. - P.47.
M. Faraday//Electrician. - 2000. - No. 4. P.60.
Lobodyuk V.A. Handbook of elementary physics. - Kyiv, 1972. - S. 127.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - T.6. -FROM. 196.
Paton E.O.//Electric. - 2001. - No. 5. P.31.
Great Soviet Encyclopedia. - T.30.
Shtepa P. Mafia i Ukraine. - Lviv: VPK "Globus", 2002.

Author: Y. Bearded

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