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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Power regulator on the microcontroller Z8. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Power regulators, thermometers, heat stabilizers The power controller (PM) of the load or "dimmer" provides automatic change in the power supplied to the light load, to various predetermined levels. The values of the upper and lower levels, as well as the transition time between them, are set by the user. RM allows not only to set a comfortable level of illumination of rooms and halls, but also to implement its smooth switching on for a given time, as well as to increase the service life of incandescent lamps. Control the device using buttons and a three-digit indicator. PM can work both in manual and automatic mode. In the first case, the required brightness of the lamps is selected, increasing or decreasing the power supplied to them in 5% increments, and in the second, the regulator automatically smoothly changes the output power in a given interval for a set time. Boundary values of power levels are chosen within 0...99% (with a step of 5%, the last - 4%). and the transition time interval between them is within 0 ... 60 s (with a step of 5 s). RM can be used to service not only light, but also other active network loads (for example, heaters of various types, including soldering irons, etc.). Main technical characteristics of the device: supply voltage -220 V ±20%; current consumption - no more than 60 mA; ambient temperature range - from 0 to +60°С. The maximum value of the load current and the limit value of the switched power are determined by the triac used and its heat sink. The basis of the RM is two microcontrollers. One of them - the main or leader of the pair - is located on the modified PU board (Fig. 5), described in "Radio", No. 7.
It has a row of contacts X2 (X1P) for connecting a slave device via the SPI serial interface, the functions of which in the regulator are performed by the front panel board (Fig. 6). It contains the second (slave) microcontroller of the DD1 pair with a frequency-setting circuit similar to that used in the previously described designs, as well as a three-digit indicator HG1, buttons SB1 - SB4 and a non-volatile memory chip DS1. The presence of an indicator and buttons simplifies the selection of the operating mode, and the non-volatile memory saves the selected mode after the device is turned off.
The main microcontroller of the pair serves the buttons and the non-volatile memory unit, generates control signals for the power switching circuit of the device, and also generates information codes for the indicator processor. The second microcontroller works synchronously with the first one and is only responsible for converting its information codes into impulses for dynamic control of the digital indicator. PM microcontrollers are powered by a powerful transformerless source PU, in which the capacitance of the capacitor C3 is increased to 1 μF, and the resistance of the resistor R1 is reduced to 24 ohms. A more powerful microcontroller Z1E86PSC is used as DD0408. In addition, an eight-pin (instead of a six-pin) X2 (X1P) connector is installed on the PU board in this application, and P2.6 ports are used. P2.7, exclude resistors R7, R8 (their functions are performed by resistor R1 of the front panel board), triac VS1 and circuits VD5C7, VD6C8 (instead, they use the corresponding targets on the front panel board). Otherwise, the device assembled on the PU board for the RM is similar to that described in the first part of the article. To avoid malfunctions of the device, diodes with a small forward voltage drop are used as protective diodes VD1 - VD3 of port P3 of the microcontroller DD1 (Fig. 6) (it is permissible to use diodes D310, D311 or any Schottky signal diodes). By connecting the boards of the PU and the front panel with wires no longer than 200 mm and placing them together with the triac VS1 and its heat sink in a suitable case, we get a ready-made RM for a certain power. Codes "firmware" PROM microcontroller boards PU and front panel are shown in Table. 6 and 7.
The PM indicator can be in the following three modes: indication of the automatic mode settings, their correction and indication of the current power value. The first displays the parameter, while the second and third display its values. The indicator parameters are divided into automatic mode parameters and parameters characterizing the current value of the output power of the device. There are three automatic mode parameters: L is the power value of the first (lower) stage, H is the second (upper) stage, t is the transition time from one of them to another. There are also three parameters characterizing the current value of the power supplied to the load: o - the initial level (always 0%), u - the power of the first (lower) stage, u - the same, the second (upper) stage. The elements of the first digit of the HG1 indicator, which form the characters in bold, are shown in Table. 8.
In the bits of the parameter value, the indicator displays either the level of power supplied to the load (0 ... 99%). or the time interval for smooth change in the automatic mode of the output power between the set levels (0...60 s). Depending on the type of indication, the functions of the buttons for controlling the operation of the device are different (Table 9). So, the desired parameter in the display mode is selected by successively pressing the SB2 button in the ring: L, H, t, #, L, H, ..., where # is one of the parameters characterizing the current state of the load (o, u, u). In this case, the second and third digits of the indicator display the value of the current settings of the automatic mode for each parameter (if L, H, t are selected) or the current value of the power output to the load (if # is selected).
To enter a new value for any of the parameters of the automatic mode, select the required one in the indication mode (using SB2) and by pressing the SB4 button, switch the device to the mode for correcting its value. Confirmation that the device is in this mode is the flickering of the decimal point of the first digit of the indicator. The parameter is changed by successively pressing the SB 1 or SB3 buttons: when the first one is pressed once, its value decreases in increments of 5 units, and when the second is pressed, it increases in the same increment. Finally, the SB4 button is pressed, and the new parameter value is stored in the device's non-volatile memory as the current one. If, for any reason, the result of the correction needs to be canceled and returned to the previous value of the parameter, press the SB2 button. In both cases, pressing the button (SB4 or SB2) returns the indicator from the correction mode to the indication mode (the flickering of the decimal point of the first digit will stop). To operate the device in automatic mode, the corresponding values of the parameters L, H and t are preliminarily set in the correction mode. Then, using the SB2 button, the device is switched to the mode of indicating the current value of the output power (o, u, u). Now, using the SB1 and SB3 buttons, you can change the current power level in accordance with the previously entered automatic mode settings (L, H, t). When working out the automatic transition between the steps of the output power, the second and third bits of HG1 flicker, indicating the process of its change. If the value of the first stage (u) flashes, the transition to the lower stage is carried out, and if the second (u) - to the upper one. The transitions associated with the initial stage (o) are always made with a "hard" maximum allowable speed (50%/s). This value is set by software in order to increase the life of incandescent lamps by eliminating the initial power surge. When moving from the first stage to the initial one, the value of the last (o) always flashes. To switch to manual control, the indicator is switched (with the SB2 button) to the mode of indicating the current value of the output power and the SB4 button is pressed. The presence in the manual control mode is indicated by the flashing of the same decimal point of the first digit of the indicator. At the same time, using the buttons SB1 and SB3, you can respectively reduce and increase the power level at the load in 5% increments. Return to automatic control is carried out by pressing the SB2 button and is confirmed by the cessation of flickering of the decimal point. In manual control mode, you can set (select) the power levels of the lower (L) and upper (H) stages of automatic operation, focusing directly on the brightness of the load glow. To do this, the device is switched to automatic mode and using the SB1 or SB3 button, the step of the output power that requires correction is selected. In this case, the device works out the output to a given power level (L or H). Then, using the SB4 button, the device is switched to manual control mode and the SB1 or SB3 button is used to achieve the load brightness required for the corrected power level. After that, the SB4 button is pressed again, and the power value selected in manual mode is rewritten into a non-volatile memory cell corresponding to the corrected stage. When the value of the current parameter u is selected, the setting value of the lower stage L will change, and the setting value of the parameter u - the upper stage H. It is impossible to change the value of the initial stage o. Authors: A. Olkhovsky, S. Shcheglov, A. Matevosov, K. Chernyavsky, Moscow
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