The simplest oscilloscope. Scheme, description

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The simplest oscilloscope. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Measuring technology

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If you have an old oscilloscope tube and are interested in using it, a possible connection option is suggested. All that is required is the supply of the necessary voltages to the corresponding terminals of the tube. In the absence of a switching circuit and explanatory inscriptions on the oscilloscope tube, you can visually determine (looking inside) which pins on the tube body correspond to the deflection and acceleration electrodes.

The author had a 7 cm tube of an unknown manufacturer in stock. After determining which pins correspond to the heater, cathode, grids, deflection plates, and anode, circuits can be assembled around the tube. The figure shows a possible connection diagram for the oscilloscope tube.

The simplest oscilloscope

An input voltage is applied to one of the Y vertical deflection plates of a simple oscilloscope through capacitor C2. A time base signal from a neon lamp generator is applied to the X horizontal deflection plates and, with the focus control circuit, a complete oscilloscope circuit is obtained. The action of the line scan generator can be seen from the faint flicker of the neon lamp. Whenever the voltage across a capacitor connected in parallel reaches the ignition voltage of the tube, it is discharged with a short current pulse, i.e. a sawtooth signal is created in this simple way. A supply voltage of 300 V is adequate for simple experiments, even if the tube is designed to operate at 1000 V or more.

Now, if a signal is applied to the Y input, the waveform of its voltage can be observed on the screen. At the same time, the oscilloscope sensitivity, linearity, glow point size, range width do not differ significantly from some industrial specimens.

Author: B.Kaink

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Chinese language sets children to music 28.01.2017

In many modern languages, the meaning of a word depends on the pitch at which it is pronounced; pitch variations of syllables and words can completely change the meaning of what we are talking about. Such languages are called tone languages, and one of the most famous examples is the Mandarin Chinese language, including its variety Putonghua, which is the official language in China, Taiwan and Singapore and which is distinguished four tones. There are also more complex cases, such as Lamnso, the language of the Nso people from Northern Cameroon. Nso communicate with each other already on eight tones, and the meaning of each tone is determined by its variations during the pronunciation of a particular word. It can be assumed that just such languages should be especially closely related to musicality.

This hypothesis was put forward some time ago by psychologists from the University of California at San Diego, who worked with music students. The researchers were trying to understand whether the pitch perception of students whose first language was Chinese is different from the pitch perception of those who speak English from birth. However, at first it was about absolute pitch, that is, the ability to recognize a sound (note) by itself, without interconnection with other sounds.

The scientists did not investigate absolute pitch, but "relative pitch", that is, the ability to determine the pitch of a sound in the context of its neighbors. It is precisely thanks to "relative" hearing that we can, for example, pull up a song after other singers, equaling other people's voices. And the participants of the study this time were not students, but children aged 3-5, some with native Chinese, some with native English. Both were asked to pass several musical tests to recognize the pitch of sounds and their timbre.

As a result, it turned out that both hear the timbre in the same way, but the pitch is different: children with native Chinese felt the pitch better than children with native English. Obviously, both speech skills and musical abilities do not develop in our brain separately, not independently of each other, but, let's say, in close cooperation - "language" affects "music".

However, it does not at all follow from this that a child who studies music must by all means begin to learn some tone language. Music is not only the difference between "la" and the note "si", it is also timbres, rhythms and a mass of syntactic rules by which any piece of music lives. So in order to know and understand music better, you need to deal with it; although it is worth noting that an additional foreign language has never bothered anyone.

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