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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Designation of foreign radioelements. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Reference materials

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American JEDEK system

1st digit:

1- diode
2 - transistor
3 - thyristor

A number is followed by a letter Nand serial number.

Example: 1N4148, 2N5551

European PRO ELECTRON system

First letter - material code:

A - germanium
B - silicon
С - gallium arsenide
R - cadmium sulfide

Second letter - purpose:

A - low power diode
В- varicap
С- low power, low frequency transistor
D - powerful, low-frequency transistor
Е - tunnel diode
F - low power high frequency transistor
G - several devices in one case
Н - magnet diode
L - powerful high-frequency transistor
М - Hall Sensor
Р - photodiode, phototransistor
Q - Light-emitting diode
R - low-power regulating or switching device
S - low power switching transistor
T - powerful regulating or switching device
U - powerful switching transistor
Х - multiplier diode
У - powerful rectifier diode
Z- zener diode

Example: BC547C, BUZ11, BU508

Japanese JIS system

First element - number:

0- photodiode, phototransistor
1- diode
2- transistor
3- thyristor

Second element- letter S(semiconductor)

Third element - device type:

А - high frequency pnp transistor
B - low frequency pnp transistor
С - high frequency npn transistor
D - low frequency npn transistor
Е - Esaki diode
F - thyristor
G - Gunn diode
Н - unijunction transistor
I - FET with p-channel
К - field effect transistor with n-channel
М - symmetrical thyristor (semistor)
Q - Light-emitting diode
R - rectifier diode
S- low current diode
Т- avalanche diode
V - varicap
Z - zener diode

Fourth element stands for registration number

The Fifth Element - one or two letters - indicates different parameters for one type of device.

Example: 2SA273 (A373), 2SD1555Н(D1555)

Publication: N. Bolshakov, rf.atnn.ru

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Usually people try to ward off birds with signs that they can see, such as window markers and light signals, but this method does not always work. One possible explanation is that the eyes of birds are usually set not in front of the head, but on the sides of it, so that there is a blind spot right in the center of their vision. So scientists came up with the idea that perhaps sound would be a better warning signal.

Scientists trained 16 captive zebra finches to fly through a special corridor about the length of a bus. Sometimes the birds were allowed to freely travel the entire length of the corridor, but in other experiments a net was set up in the corridor to gently trap the birds as the safe equivalent of hitting a building.

The birds slowed down when approaching the net, but they slowed down even more if they heard a loud sound a meter from the net. However, the sound itself did not cause them to slow down, so the scientists suggest that the action of the "sound beacon" increased the overall attentiveness of the birds, and they noticed the net faster.

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