Automatic watering with the function of protecting objects. Scheme, description

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Automatic watering with the function of protecting objects. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Home, household, hobby

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The machine I designed is addressed to farmers and owners of cottages with an autonomous water supply system, the key components of which are a water source (river, lake, well or well), an electric pump and a water tank. This development differs from analogues in that, in addition to performing the main function - controlling the electric pump, it allows quite successfully solving the tasks of protecting objects. Such an unusual versatility is achieved not by complicating the circuit diagram of the device, but by quickly changing sensors, which are not only submersible multi-level electrodes, but also photoresistors or a thin, tensile wire.

The actions of the machine in the local water supply system are reduced to the operation of the electromagnetic relay K1. After all, it is it that, receiving power from the transformer T1 (through the diode bridge VD1 - VD4 and the thyristor VS1, which is controlled by the water level sensor SL1), turns on or off the electric pump.

Suppose there is so little water in the tank that when the SA2 toggle switch is switched to the "Pump" position, all the electrodes of the SL1 sensor turn out to be open. The thyristor control circuit is essentially idle. This means that the current through VS1 and the relay winding K1 does not flow, and the mains 1 V is supplied to the socket XS1.1 through the normally closed contacts K220, forcing the system to replenish the container with water. This continues until the level of the latter reaches the electrode B of the SL1 sensor. This is the maximum, upon reaching which the thyristor opens - and the current flowing through VS1 and the K1 winding causes the relay to operate. Opening, contacts K1.1 turn off the electric pump. At the same time, K1.2 closes, introducing the electrode pair A-C of the SL1 sensor into the thyristor control circuit and automatically maintaining the required water level in the tank.

Indeed, with a drop in the water level below the minimum allowable, the electrode pair A-C will open. This will cause the thyristor to instantly close and de-energize the relay, which, with its normally closed contacts, will supply voltage to the electric pump. Having joined the work, he will replenish the tank. And again the system will go into standby mode for the next drop in water level. The water level sensor in the tank is three L-shaped metal plates mounted on a float - an insulated base.

Schematic diagram (a) of a home-made machine that pumps water during the day and serves as a security device at night, the placement of its main parts in the case (b), on the circuit board (c) and the variant of the submersible sensor (d) of the water level (click to enlarge )

When switching the SA2 toggle switch to the "Security" position, the sensor is a stretched thin wire (loop) hidden from the uninitiated between the XT1 and XT2 terminals. An intact wire provides a control voltage to open the thyristor VS1 and actuate the relay, which keeps the K1.1 contacts open in the load power supply circuit. The latter is no longer a pump, but a light or sound signaling device (for example, a light bulb, a siren or a bell). That is, when everything is in order at the protected objects, there is no voltage in the XS1 socket - and the alarm signal is not received. With a break in the loop, the passage of current through the thyristor and the relay winding stops, and the signaling device turns on through the normally closed contacts K1.1.

It should be noted that the assembly of such a device does not require expensive and scarce radio components. Toggle switches SA1, SA2 type TV2-1 or TP1-2; rectifier diodes - D226 or the like (you can limit yourself to the finished bridge KTs401 ... KTs405). As a capacitor C1, an electrolytic one with a capacity of about 50 microfarads for an operating voltage of at least 50 V is suitable. Resistor R1 is one of the most common half-watt ones (for example, MLT-0,5); and thyristor VS1 - KU201 (KU202).

With a relay and the selection of an appropriate transformer for it, it is more difficult. If it is not at hand indicated on the MKU48 diagram for 12, 24 or 36 V, then TKE52 (TKE53) will successfully fit. Having measured the response voltage, you should select a step-down transformer for the existing relay. For example, TN36 or even an "output" from an old tube receiver.

If there is no ready-made suitable transformer, then you can use any one designed to work in a 220 V network. Having measured the voltage on the secondary winding, it is wound up, counting all the turns to be removed. Then, having determined the conversion factor (the number of turns per 1 V), a new winding II is wound, which satisfies the relay operation voltage. By connecting the relay to the modified transformer through the rectifier bridge and plugging it into the network, they make sure that the K1.1 contacts operate clearly and that the windings do not overheat.

The assembly of the electronic part of the entire device is performed on a sheet of getinax or fiberglass. Installation - hinged, with the subsequent placement of the finished product in a plastic box of suitable dimensions.

The loop, as already mentioned, is a thin insulated or bare wire of the appropriate length, located discreetly so that intruders, unaware of the security system, hook and break it.

Author: Yu.Kochkin

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