Is it possible to argue that quickly raised food is not considered to be fallen? Detailed answer

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Is it possible to argue that quickly raised food is not considered to be fallen? Detailed answer

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Is it possible to argue that quickly raised food is not considered to be fallen?

There is a rule "quickly raised is not considered fallen" - if you drop food on the floor and immediately pick it up, it will not have time to collect bacteria on itself. In the English version, it is called the five-second rule, during which you need to have time to remove food from the floor. Studies have shown that this statement is erroneous - if there are microorganisms on any surface, they appear on the product in contact with them almost instantly. True, it is worth noting that most bacteria need moisture to exist, so a dry floor, even in a public place with high traffic, is unlikely to pose a serious danger to food.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

When did they start talking about vandalism?

In 455 AD, the king of the Vandals (a group of tribes of East Germans) Gaiseric, after conquering the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily, attacked Italy from the sea and approached Rome. Emperor Petronius Maximus, not daring to resist the barbarians, was about to flee, but was killed by his own guards. Then Pope Leo I came out to meet the vandals and received a promise from Geiseric not to burn the city. On June 2, Geiseric entered Rome without hindrance and gave the city to his soldiers for 14 days to be plundered.

The devastating consequences of this vandal invasion of Rome were so great that since that time the word "vandalism" has been used to refer to the extremely cruel, senseless destruction of cultural property.

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Treatment of diabetes with insulin cell transplantation 10.02.2016

Type XNUMX diabetes occurs when the immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. A person with diabetes is forced several times a day to measure the level of sugar in his blood and make insulin injections.

The obvious solution here is to simply transplant the patient with insulin-synthesizing cells to replace the dead ones - so that the body again has someone to monitor carbohydrate metabolism. However, here the same problem arises with immunity, which attacks already new, transplanted cells, and it can only be pacified with the help of immunosuppressive drugs. That is, you need to find some way to protect the transplanted insulin cells from the immune system, put some kind of barrier between them.

A few years ago, employees at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology came up with special capsules for this, made from chemically modified alginic acid, which is obtained from certain types of algae. Alginic acid and its derivatives are a viscous polysaccharide in which cells can be placed so that they will live and work normally there, and sugar and protein molecules can penetrate through the capsule wall - that is, sitting in an algin "chamber", such cells can sense the level of glucose around and synthesize the right amount of insulin in response.

True, as it turned out, such capsules, when transplanted into living tissues, caused scarring: the immune system did not try to "eat" them, but still perceived them as foreign objects that entered the body after injury (which, in general, is true), and acted simply according to a different scheme, that is, he built up a connective tissue "pillow", a scar around a bad place. As a result, insulin-synthesizing cells in algin capsules generally turned out to be isolated from everything and became useless.

So now researchers are faced with the challenge of how to trick immunity in a different way, and judging by two articles in Nature Biotechnology and Nature Medicine, Daniel G Anderson and his colleagues have solved this problem. From several hundred possible chemical modifications of alginic acid, they tried to choose one that makes alginate capsules invisible to the immune system. Tests on mice and monkeys showed that TMTD, or triazole-thiomorpholine dioxide, is the most promising here: if the TMTD molecule was attached to polymeric alginic acid, it ceased to irritate the immune system.

In the following experiments, human insulin-producing cells were encapsulated in TMTD-modified alginic acid and injected into the abdominal cavity of mice with extremely active immune systems. And so, despite the very active immunity of the new host, the transplanted cells normally lived in mice for the entire time the experiment lasted, that is, 174 days, synthesizing insulin and successfully regulating blood sugar levels in animals.

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