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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Antenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBO. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / VHF antennas

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Antenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBOAntenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBO
Model #80 long, Model #40 short

Antenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBO
Antenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBO

Antenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBO Antenna "Isotron" 80/40 COMBO

Model #20 in front, #10 on the right. Model #10 front, #15 right

Publication: N. Bolshakov, rf.atnn.ru

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Random news from the Archive

Nanofluid for oil production 21.09.2020

Researchers at the University of Houston have demonstrated that low-cost and non-toxic nanofluids can be used to efficiently extract even heavy, highly viscous oil from reservoirs.

So-called heavy oil - the result of the molecular structure of oil - makes up 70% of the world's oil reserves and will be needed to meet growing energy demands until clean energy sources are developed and used everywhere. Modern oil extraction technologies using steam are expensive and damaging to the environment.

However, scientists have developed a nanofluid that helps to extract oil from the reservoir using the following mechanisms.

The chemical reaction that occurs when the sodium nanoparticles come into contact with the water in the reservoir generates heat, acting in the same way as steam injection and other heat-based methods to push oil out of the reservoir, without the need for external - and greenhouse gas - producing - heat source.

The nanofluid also reacts to form sodium hydroxide, a chemical commonly used in alkaline flooding in oil fields. Sodium hydroxide can cause movement in the oil and cause a viscosity-lowering reaction.

The third reaction produces hydrogen gas that can be used for waterflooding, another common oil recovery method.

The sodium nanomaterials are dispersed after the reaction, thus not damaging the environment. Optimal concentrations will vary depending on individual development conditions.

Sodium is highly reactive with water. This suggests that it may be useful for enhanced oil recovery. However, this also complicates its preparation - exposing it to water too early will result in failure. The researchers solved this problem by preparing sodium nanoparticles in silicone oil, allowing the substance to disperse throughout the tank before it comes into contact with the water in the tank, causing fewer chemical reactions over a larger area. It is also possible to disperse sodium nanoparticles in other solvents, including pentane and kerosene, or even blend them with polymers or surfactants to achieve higher oil recovery.

While the paper focuses on using the nanofluid to increase heavy oil recovery, the scientists note that it could also be used in light oil production and for more general domestic purposes such as cleaning pipes clogged with grease.

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