parametric sensors. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Sensors. parametric sensors. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Free technical library

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Electrician's Handbook

Parametric sensors (modulator sensors) are devices that convert the input value X into a change in some electrical parameter (R, L or C) of the sensor.

It is impossible to transmit a change in the listed parameters of the sensor without an energy-carrying signal (voltage or current) to a distance. It is only possible to detect a change in the corresponding parameter of the sensor by the reaction of the sensor to current or voltage, since the listed parameters characterize this reaction. Therefore, parametric sensors require the use of special measuring circuits powered by direct or alternating current.

Author: Koryakin-Chernyak S.L.

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triangular singularity 04.09.2021

An international team of researchers, led by scientists from the University of Bonn, conducted a thorough analysis of the data collected during experiments at one of the particle accelerators, and found long-awaited evidence of the existence of one very exotic phenomenon. This phenomenon, the so-called "triangular singularity", is responsible for the fact that, under certain conditions, elementary particles can exchange quarks and turn into particles of other types. In addition, the phenomenon of the "triangular singularity" contains the answer to one of the mysteries that puzzled nuclear scientists for a long time: protons, neutrons and many other particles have a much larger mass than one would expect from the point of view of some modern theories. This is due to some of the features of the strong nuclear forces that bind and hold quarks together.

During the research, scientists analyzed data from the COMPASS experiment of the European Organization for Nuclear Research CERN. This experiment consists in accelerating certain particles called pions to extremely high speeds and "shooting" these pions at hydrogen atoms.

The particles, called pions, consist of a quark and an antiquark, held together by strong nuclear forces, like two opposite-pole magnets. However, if the magnets break apart and start to move away from each other, the force of their mutual attraction will decrease with increasing distance. The forces of strong nuclear interactions behave very differently, their strength increases with increasing distance, making it all like a stretched spring or elastic band.

However, when a pion collides with a hydrogen nucleus, the "gum" of strong nuclear interactions "bursts" and a rather large amount of accumulated potential energy is released. "This energy turns into matter, and this process creates new types of elementary particles," the researchers wrote.

In 2015, the sensors of the COMPASS experiment during the "shooting" of pions at hydrogen atoms recorded very unusual signals. The nature of these signals indicated that an exotic particle arose during the collision for a very short time. "Ordinary particles, such as protons and neutrons, consist of three quarks. Others, such as pions, consist of a quark and an antiquark," the researchers write. tetraquark".

However, a more accurate analysis of the data showed that the presence of an unusual signal can be explained in a slightly different way, from the point of view of the possibility of the existence of the "triangular singularity" phenomenon. This mechanism was theoretically described back in the 1950s by the Soviet physicist Lev Davidovich Landau, but until recently not a single experimental proof has been obtained.

According to this, during the collision of a pion and a hydrogen atom, a tetraquark does not appear at all, but some intermediate particles containing quarks and antiquarks appear. Intermediate particles instantly decay, and nearby particles participating in the collision exchange quarks and change their type. The resulting signals very much resemble signals from a tetraquark particle having a certain mass.

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