Household electrical appliances. Vacuum cleaners. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Household electrical appliances. Vacuum cleaners. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Household Appliances

In 1901, the Englishman Herbert Cecil Booth received a patent for the first ever a vacuum cleaner. In 2001, the opening of an exhibition was timed to coincide with the anniversary of this event in London. The exposition includes photographs and models of the first devices and all the diverse "offspring" of the brainchild of Herbert Cecil Booth. Hand-held, floor-standing, household, industrial, mobile, stationary, on sleds, on rollers, with multiple nozzles and with a non-removable rotating hair brush, with disposable filters and non-replaceable filters made of felt or a thick layer of cotton wool, with spray guns and nozzles for drying hair, for wet and dry cleaning, cylindrical, square, round...

During the time of G.S. But at the time, train cars were cleaned with the help of machines that created a strong jet of air. At the same time, the dust stood in a column and partially settled in the old place. Booth decided to act on the contrary - not to blow out the dust, but to suck it in. He laid a clean handkerchief on the surface of a chair, put his mouth to the cloth and sucked in the air with all his might (the inventor almost suffocated). When he came to, he found a ring of dust on the back of the handkerchief. This was the start of vacuum cleaning. The creator of the new unit became famous immediately. He was invited to demonstrations everywhere. The largest was the "operation" to clean up the Crystal Palace built several decades earlier in London. 15 vacuum cleaners "worked" there for a whole month and collected a total of 26 tons of dust.

One of Booth's first commercial commissions came from Westminster Abbey in London, where cleaning had to be done before the coronation of Edward VII in 1902. The monarch was so pleased with the result that he ordered to purchase a vacuum cleaner for himself and install it in Buckingham Palace.

The first apparatus, called Puffing Billy, was so bulky that it was transported from place to place in a horse-drawn cart. Only four people could cope with such a "monster".

A few years later, thanks to the efforts of the owners of the Chapman and Skinner company from San Francisco, the first electric vacuum cleaner was born. A humble Ohio store janitor, James Murray Spangler, thought of putting it upright and attaching an external dust collector.

Now in the West, vacuum cleaners are most often called not "vacuum cleaners", but "hoovers". Hoover, the founder of a world-famous firm, purchased a patent for an invention from Murray, who was his wife's cousin. The poor fellow did not have enough money to put things on a grand scale. Hoover had the money and business sense to create an entire industrial empire and ensure America's absolute world dominance in the Puffing Billy market well into the 1990s.

In 1912, the first batch of Hoovers went on sale in Great Britain. In the same year, the Swede Axel Wenner-Gren, in collaboration with the Lux company (now Electrolux), produced a cylindrical home vacuum cleaner. Since 1926, Cecil Booth's company has appropriated the trademark "Goblin" to its products.

The first disposable dust collectors appeared in 1955. Then came all sorts of modifications, attachments, devices for wet carpet treatment and much more.

It should be noted that at the beginning of the century Booth's invention was in little demand. Most people simply did not have enough money to afford to buy a new product. The situation changed radically in the 1920s, when the middle class rose to its feet in England. In the 30s there was a real boom: sales soared by 75%.

But back to the anniversary exhibition in London.

Firm "Dyson" robot vacuum cleaner, equipped with 70 sensors, three on-board computers, weighing just over 90 kg. The robot vacuum cleaner is able to work without human intervention, it “thinks” and moves without tipping over objects, without hitting people and pets, keeps the entire area to be cleaned in electronic memory, and never passes through the same place twice. 350 people worked on its creation for four years.

The novelty of the Swedish company "Electrolux" uses a similar principle of operation. The company named its vacuum cleaner "Trilobite" - after the extinct marine arthropods that obtained food by filtering mud through their gills. The Trilobite is equipped with a microwave radar, thanks to which it can clean the apartment to the last speck without knocking over a glass of water placed on the floor.

Dave Woodcock, a home technology specialist at the Science Museum, is confident that the creators of these samples managed to look into the future. As soon as such units become more affordable, every normal person will want to buy them (while "robots" cost about 2 thousand pounds, while for buyers the psychological price limit for a vacuum cleaner is less than 1000 pounds).

For almost the entire last century, the vacuum cleaner market was dominated by the Americans. The turning point in the competitive struggle occurred in 1983, when the Englishman James Dyson introduced a bagless double-action vacuum cleaner. It took him 5 prototypes to develop a model that could handle dust and wet spots equally well. It took a long 15 years, but the result was stunning. In 1996, the products of the company "Dyson" took first place in the list of best-selling vacuum cleaners in the UK, and by May 2001 pushed the Americans to second place in the world.

The vacuum cleaner does not apply to essential electrical appliances such as, for example, an iron or a refrigerator. And yet, the presence of a vacuum cleaner in a house or apartment greatly facilitates the life of housewives, helping them with cleaning.

But a little more than a century ago, people had no idea that there could be any other devices for cleaning a home, besides a broom and a damp cloth. Therefore, the appearance at the very end of the last century in the United States of a device, which is a pump with a manual drive and a dust collector nozzle, was a truly revolutionary event. The first vacuum cleaner was serviced by two people: one was responsible for the operation of the pump - he turned the handle, the other - he collected dust with a whisk nozzle; the size of such a vacuum cleaner was impressive: its height reached 1,5 m. A modern vacuum cleaner is a fairly portable (compared to the first) device. Its air intake apparatus consists of a fan rotated by a collector motor and a chamber with an air intake hole. The suction of dust occurs due to the fact that the fan creates a rarefaction of air inside the chamber. Depending on the path that the air flow passes inside the vacuum cleaner body, they are direct-flow and vortex.

In straight-through vacuum cleaners, the intake air carrying dust and small debris enters directly into the fabric filter (garbage bag). Leaving all the garbage on the filter, both large and small fractions, the air flow enters the electric motor, cooling it. The air is then sucked out of the chamber by a fan.

Throughout the entire path of the air flow (from the inlet to the outlet), its direction does not change, hence the name of this type of vacuum cleaners - direct-flow.

In vortex-type vacuum cleaners, the air flow, together with the suction debris, flows around the lower part of the electric motor and, under the action of centrifugal force, is freed from debris and the heaviest dust particles. Then the air flow enters the filter, where it is finally cleaned, after which the air is discharged outside.

In modern vacuum cleaners, a double cleaning system is often used: instead of one cloth filter, double filters are used, which are arranged in a series circuit. The first filter - flannel - retains debris and large dust particles; the second - calico - frees the air flow from small dust particles. Of course, the quality of air jet cleaning in such vacuum cleaners is much higher. According to their functional purpose, they are divided into hand-held brush vacuum cleaners, car vacuum cleaners and floor vacuum cleaners. They differ from each other in size, power and number of nozzles, but their principle of operation is basically the same, with the exception of some points. Car vacuum cleaners have a device that allows you to connect them to the car battery. And floor vacuum cleaners, in addition to their direct purpose, are used as a blowing compressor: if the corrugated hose is connected not to the inlet, but to the outlet, then with the help of a special nozzle included in the vacuum cleaner kit, you can perform painting work (whitewashing and painting).

What problems can be encountered during the operation of vacuum cleaners?

After 250-300 hours of operation of the vacuum cleaner, the brushes of the electric motor wear out. To replace them, you need to disconnect the vacuum cleaner from the mains, disassemble it, remove the brush holder caps from the electric motor, remove the worn brushes, and install new ones in their place (if the old brushes were connected to the motor contacts by twisting, then the same type of connection should be used; if the connections were soldered, it is best to use an electric soldering iron). For preventive purposes, it is necessary to wipe the collector of the armature of the electric motor with gasoline. The vacuum cleaner may have a clogged hose, pipe, or nozzle nozzle, so the vacuum cleaner stops sucking air and picking up debris and dust. It is very easy to fix such a problem: each of these parts can be cleaned with a long, smooth rod. To prevent clogging of the hose, pipe or nozzle, before you start cleaning with a vacuum cleaner, you need to collect large debris with a broom or brush.

The service life of the vacuum cleaner depends on its correct use.

Particular attention should be paid to the care of the filters: their surface must be constantly clean so that dust does not clog the electric motor, so they must be cleaned after each use of the vacuum cleaner; washing filters (dust collectors) is not recommended, dry brushing is preferable; do not use a damaged dust collector; if a tear has formed on it, a patch must be put on it, preferably from the same material.

The design of many modern vacuum cleaners involves the use of replaceable disposable paper filters, which are thrown away immediately after filling. If disposable filters are not provided in the vacuum cleaner, some similarity can be made independently: for this, a piece is cut off from an old nylon stocking a little longer than the length of the dust collector, one end is tied in a knot; the resulting filter is placed in a dust collector. Now it takes much less time to clean the vacuum cleaner.

Do not overload the motor: if cleaning involves prolonged use of the vacuum cleaner, it is recommended to take a 30-minute break every 10 minutes to cool the motor. The corrugated vacuum cleaner hose can also become unusable from improper storage: it cannot be folded at an angle; it is better to store it folded into a snail.

The motor of the vacuum cleaner must be protected from moisture: it is strictly forbidden to collect spilled water and other liquids with a vacuum cleaner.

Author: Korshevr N.G.

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