Basic principles for the use of solar panels. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Today, you can independently assemble a device for alternative solar energy supply, consisting directly of a solar battery (solar cells connected to a battery), a battery and a current converter (inverter) device - from DC to AC; thus, to have at home an alternative power source with a mains voltage of 220 V. In fig. 1.1 shows a block diagram of a solar power source device.

Fig.1.1. Block diagram of a solar power source device.

According to the presented illustration, the useful power (and its meaning) for the consumer depends on the power of each element of the device.

The main pricing factor of the solar battery and its individual elements is also useful power (voltage and output current). For example, today the cost of a finished solar battery of the TSM-180 (12) type with a nominal voltage of 12 V and a useful power of 180 W will be 27...29 thousand rubles. To ensure the operation of one modern electric kettle, it would take about 2 kW, that is, at least 11 such batteries, therefore, in addition to power sources based on solar panels, other alternative sources are actively used today, for example, those that convert the kinetic energy of the wind into electric current - wind generators which will be discussed in chapter 2.

Solar panels with a capacity of 1 kW, today has a price of about 180 thousand rubles.

For comparison, a diesel power generator will require up to 1 liters of diesel fuel to generate 0,33 kWh of electricity. With a fuel cost of 18 rubles/liter, fuel costs will be approximately 6 rubles/kWh. You can buy such a generator with a size comparable to a PC system unit for 15 rubles. Draw your own conclusions.

Most solar cells are made from expensive silicon. As a result, the high cost of electricity produced by solar panels. However, things may change in the future. It is assumed that in 10 years - the energy resources extracted with the help of the sun will be sold at a price 50% lower than that produced with the help of coal, natural gas and nuclear fuel.

During the year, solar panels lose up to 1,5% of their original capacity due to silicon aging. If a defect was made during the manufacture of the solar battery, then it may show up in a few months, or even years. That is why you should not buy "cheap" solar panels, because they can be very expensive as a result (the miser pays twice and thrice). Nevertheless, there are a lot of opinions and considerations of opponents and supporters of solar panels, and perhaps the only thing in which all the warring parties are in solidarity is that the use of solar energy for alternative power sources for devices is very justified and very promising.

Considering the relatively low output power, a source based on only one solar cell cannot be called satisfactory. Therefore, those consumers who have a serious financial resource connect solar panels into modules, supplement them with battery charge control devices, powerful energy converters, and in this form the system can already provide uninterrupted power supply to a house (cottage), although the final cost is commensurate with several hundred thousand rubles.

On fig. 1.2 shows a view of the solar module of a powerful power source for the home.

Fig1.2. View of the solar module of a powerful power supply for the home

I believe that the sources of alternative energy, of course, are the future. From year to year, solar cells will "cheaper", and their useful power, to the delight of the consumer, will increase. Today, solar panels are widely used as low-power chargers - for cell phones and other household appliances.

The main disadvantage of using a solar battery is usually called the dependence on its power supply - the Sun. That is why (see Fig. 1.1) a powerful battery is provided in the alternative power source system, which "gives" current to the load at a time when solar energy is weakening, for example, at night.

An important factor is the fact that the maximum benefit (efficiency) of solar panels is obtained when the sun's rays fall on the surface of photovoltaic cells (PVC) at an angle of 90 °, that is, perpendicular. In other cases (the earth, as you know, constantly revolves around the sun), when the angle of incidence of the sun's rays and their reflection changes, the battery efficiency decreases somewhat even in sunny weather.

In clear weather, 1 W of solar light energy falls on average on 2 m1000 of the earth's surface. Depending on the location of the plot of land, solar energy is supplied unevenly due to cloudiness in cloudy weather, there are places where the sun shines 320-350 days a year, and there are places where there is no sun at all. Based on this, it is necessary to calculate the effectiveness of their application in each specific case.

To help this, Table 1.1 provides information on the receipt of solar radiation for some cities of Russia. The table is based on data from NASA satellites.

At the latitude of Moscow, during a clear sunny day, about 3 kW / h of solar energy per 1 m2 is supplied. In table. 1.2 provides information on the total solar radiation in relation to latitudes (it can be used to approximately calculate solar energy in other cities).

Table 1.1. Incoming solar radiation, for some cities

* K - coefficient of total solar radiation in relation to Moscow.

Table 1.2. Total solar radiation at different latitudes

Author: Kashkarov A.P.

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