solar energy. Impact on the economy, ecology and employment of the population. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Economy

From an economic point of view, the use of solar energy can be both practically free, when passive solar systems are integrated into the plan of a house or plot of land, and very expensive, as in the case of solar heating systems with seasonal heat storage. Here are the price indicators for solar heating systems:

Notes:

• A solar collector for hot water supply in a single-family home in Northern Europe refers to the typical system used in Scandinavian countries and Germany (antifreeze media, high insulation level, closed loop).
• The system for a private house located in Southern Europe refers to the thermosyphon system used in Greece. Prices in Central and South-Eastern Europe are much lower.
• Annual electricity generation is based on Northern European conditions (except for the Southern European system for a private house).
• In most cases of system use in Northern Europe, solar collectors replace gas or petrol heaters, which have a very low efficiency in summer (often 30-50%).

Ecology

The heat collected by solar collectors replaces the energy produced by polluting technologies. This is the main environmental effect of solar energy. Usually solar collectors are installed on the roofs of buildings, while they do not have any impact on the appearance and ecology of the area. The energy spent on the production of a solar collector is equal to the energy that the collector produces for 1-4 years.

Employment issue

Most of the jobs in this industry are in the production and installation of solar collectors. Based on the Danish experience, the employment is estimated at 17 man-years for the production and installation of 1000 m2 of family solar collectors. This thousand square meters replaces 800 MWh of primary energy (net energy 400 MWh). With a collector life of 30 years, 700 people will be permanently employed in the production of solar collectors capable of replacing 1 TWh of energy.

Share of solar energy in national energy

In principle, the need for heat can be fully met by solar energy combined with seasonal storage. Therefore, there is no absolute limit for this resource, there are only economic limits. In Denmark, it has been calculated that without seasonal storage, solar energy can provide 13% of the heat load, including commercial and industrial consumption. In a sunnier climate, this proportion is naturally larger.

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