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The reaction of thermonuclear fusion of light elements in the depths of the Sun generates colossal energy of solar radiation. Quantitatively, this radiation is characterized by intensity I0 - this is the power of radiant energy coming outside the earth's atmosphere per second per square meter of an area perpendicular to the sun's rays. For the average distance from the Sun when the Earth moves in an elliptical orbit I0 = 1,35 kW/m2. The total power of radiant energy entering the earth's atmosphere is approximately 180 million GW (the total power of Russian power plants is 215 GW). The amount of solar radiant energy coming per year to the Earth's atmosphere is a colossal value of 1,57 * 1018 kWh 45% of the incoming radiant energy falls on visible light (wavelengths 0,4 ... 0,75 microns), 45% - on infrared (thermal) radiation, 10% - on ultraviolet rays.
The balance of the radiant energy of the Earth is shown in fig. 3.1. About 28% of the radiant energy coming from the Sun is reflected by clouds and aerosols back into outer space. The thermal (infrared) radiation of the Earth is 114% coming from the Sun, of which 42% is returned by the atmosphere, and the rest goes into space. On the surface of the planet, the incoming energy is redistributed by sea currents and winds.
Fig.3.1. Earth's radiant energy balance
The local values of the radiant energy of the Sun, coming to the surface of the lithosphere or hydrosphere, depend on the orientation to the Sun (illuminance), cloudiness, air dustiness, height above sea level, time of year and day. In mid-latitudes, during the day, the intensity of solar radiation I reaches 800 W/m2 in summer and 200.350 W/m2 in winter, decreasing to zero with sunset.
The radiant energy of the Sun has been used by the biosphere since the appearance of life on the planet. The transformation of solar energy into mechanical energy was first demonstrated at the World Exhibition in Paris, when a solar collector set in motion a steam engine.
Despite the relatively low density of radiant energy, solar energy has been intensively developing in recent years. In the United States, 8 large modular solar power plants (SPPs) with a total capacity of about 450 MW have been commissioned, energy is supplied to the power systems of the states. The production of solar photovoltaic converters in the world has reached 300 MW per year, of which 40% is in the United States. At present, there are more than 2 million solar heating plants operating in the world. The area of solar heating collectors in the USA is 10 million m2, in Japan 8 million m2. Solar energy is used in grain dryers, desalination plants, space station power supply systems, etc.
Exotic projects are being implemented. Thus, the Australian government has adopted a plan to build a "Solar Tower" with a base diameter of 130 meters and a height of 1 km. At the foot of the tower there will be a huge greenhouse with a diameter of 7 km. The air heated in the greenhouse will rush into the pipe, rotating the wind turbines installed in it. WPP capacity should be 200 MW. The cost of the project is estimated at $308 million.
Author: Labeish V.G.
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