Wind turbine installation. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources
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Modern wind turbines are machines that convert wind energy into mechanical energy of a rotating wind wheel, and then into electrical energy.
Currently, two main designs of wind turbines are used (see figure): horizontal-axial and vertical-axial wind turbines. Both types of wind turbines have approximately equal efficiency, but wind turbines of the first type are most widely used. The power of wind turbines can be from hundreds of watts to several megawatts.
Previously, wind turbines used wind turbines of the so-called "active" type (carousel type, Savonius, etc.), which use the force of wind pressure (in contrast to the above-mentioned wind turbines that use lifting force). However, such installations have a very low efficiency (less than 20%), so it is currently for production.
The main components of installations of both types:
- a wind wheel (rotor) that converts the energy of the oncoming wind flow into mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine axis. The diameter of the wind wheel ranges from several meters to several tens of meters. The rotational speed is from 15 to 100 rpm. Usually, for wind turbines connected to the network, the rotational speed of the wind wheel is constant. For stand-alone systems with a rectifier and inverter - usually a variable;
- multiplier - an intermediate link between the wind wheel and the electric generator, which increases the frequency of rotation of the wind wheel shaft and ensures coordination with the generator speed. The exception is low power wind turbines with special permanent magnet generators; multipliers are usually not used in such wind turbines;
- a tower (it is sometimes reinforced with steel braces) on which a wind wheel is installed. For wind turbines of high power, the height of the tower reaches 75 m. Usually these are cylindrical masts, although lattice towers are also used;
- base (foundation), designed to prevent the installation from falling in strong winds.
In addition, to protect against breakdowns during strong gusts of wind and hurricanes, almost all high-capacity wind turbines automatically stop if the wind speed exceeds the limit value. For maintenance purposes, they must be equipped with a braking device. Horizontal-axial wind turbines incorporate a device that provides automatic orientation of the wind wheel in the direction of the wind.
The size of the wind turbine depends on the intended use. The main characteristic that determines the size of these systems is the power of the wind turbine. For example, to work on the network, it is possible to use wind turbines with a capacity of 50 kW and above.
Wind turbines of lower power are usually used as autonomous ones. For example, a wind turbine for power supply of a residential building can have a power from several hundred W to 10 kW, depending on the load and power consumption. Such wind turbines usually include an AB, and in many cases a diesel generator as a backup source of energy during long periods of calm. Small enterprises and remote villages can use wind turbines of significantly higher power. Low-power turbines (less than 1 kW) can be used to charge batteries and power a small load (communications, lighting, power tools, TV, etc.).
Authors: Kargiev V.M., Martirosov S.N. and etc.
See other articles Section Alternative energy sources.
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