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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING Economic evaluation of biogas technologies. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources Goals of introducing biogas technologies Before the construction of an individual biogas plant or the introduction of biogas technologies at the state level, it is necessary to carry out an economic assessment. When evaluating the economic viability of a biogas program and individual installations, it is important to take into account the goals of introducing biogas technologies. The introduction of biogas technologies can pursue the following goals:
Economic evaluation of a biogas plant After determining the goals of introducing a biogas plant, you can proceed to an economic assessment of its profitability. To do this, consider:
Benefits for individual farms Individual farms can evaluate the benefits of building a biogas plant based on the cash income they will receive from the use of waste products compared to the costs of the installation. The following effects should be translated into monetary terms and accounted for as benefits:
Cash Equivalents of Individual Benefits The economic assessment of individual benefits from the use of biogas plants is relatively easy, if the farm in the past covered these needs through the purchase of fertilizers and fuel. The monetary benefits of large biogas plants and large farms can also be fairly accurately calculated. In the case of small installations in rural areas of Kyrgyzstan, it is more difficult to calculate the monetary value of the benefits, as traditional sources of energy and fertilizers, such as firewood, dung, manure and dry vegetable waste, are mainly used. In such cases, monetary benefits are calculated from savings on traditional energy sources, as well as revenue from sales of biofertilizers and increased yields. Energy The main problem of economic evaluation is the conversion into monetary value of non-commercial types of energy that do not have a set market price. But even in this case, it is possible to establish the value of biogas and fertilizers based on comparative data on the calorific value of different energy sources. To do this, you need to calculate the number of energy sources used in the economy and establish the savings from using biogas instead. Table 23. Comparison of biogas (70% methane content) and other energy carriers
Example: A family of 5-6 people uses 12 propane cylinders (120 kg or 60 m3 of propane) and 2,5 tons of coal per year. Then, to replace them with biogas, 60 * 1,84 = 110 m3 of biogas and 2500 * 1,1 = 2750 m3 of biogas will be required, a total of 2860 m3 of biogas per year, or about 8 m3 of biogas per day. As can be seen from the table, when replacing propane with biogas, 128 USD will be saved per year on the purchase of cylinders. When replacing 2,5 tons of coal, costing 0,06 USD per kilogram, with biogas, 160 USD per year will be saved. In total, 288 USD per year will be saved on liquefied gas and coal. Biofertilizers The economic benefits from the use of biofertilizers can be calculated by comparing the costs and benefits of a farm previously using other fertilizers, or by revenue from the sale of biofertilizers. Productivity The effect of increasing yields from the use of biofertilizers should not be underestimated. Evidence for yield increases following the application of biofertilizers ranges from 10 to 30%, but a more accurate prediction is difficult because many other factors also affect yield. Table 24. Yield increase with the use of biofertilizers
Comparative cost of fertilizers Biofertilizers are not only effective, but also cheap - when using biofertilizers instead of mineral fertilizers, as can be seen from the table, the farmer saves 0,8 USD per hectare of fertilized land. Table 25. Comparison of biofertilizers and other fertilizers
Monetary value of biofertilizer benefits Benefits from the use of biofertilizers are made up of savings on mineral fertilizers previously used and from increasing crop yields. biogas plant cost An accurate calculation of the cost of building and operating a biogas plant is necessary to calculate the payback of the plant, compare the cost of alternative models and collect information about the upcoming financial costs. Production indicators, cost and annual benefits from the operation of biogas plants produced by the PF "Fluid" of the Association "Farmer" are given in the table. Benefits were calculated assuming the sale of biofertilizers at a price of 10,7 USD per ton and the price of biogas - 0,21 USD per m3. table 26
An analysis of the table shows that the smallest plants (reactor volume up to 5 m3) pay off in a little more than one year, and plants with reactor volumes over 10 m3 pay off in a few months. Cost categories There are three main categories of costs associated with the introduction of biogas plants:
Cost of construction and materials The construction cost includes all costs necessary to build the plant, such as the cost of land, foundation, preparation and installation of the reactor, gas system, storage and mixing tanks for raw materials and fertilizers, gas tanks and labor costs for workers. The cost of construction and materials is determined by the following factors:
Average cost For a rough estimate of the typical cost of a simple biogas plant, the following figures can be used: the total cost of the plant without the cost of land is 350 - 500 US dollars per m3 of reactor. 35 - 40% of the total cost is a metal reactor. The cost of a biogas plant per unit of reactor volume decreases with increasing reactor volume. But when building a large installation for several households, the necessary costs for the gas pipeline increase and the cost of the installation per unit volume of the reactor remains approximately the same. For the conditions of Kyrgyzstan, heated units are more suitable and it is more cost-effective to build larger units. Individual prices are calculated on a project-by-project basis based on material prices, material availability and wages. Current expenses The current costs of operation and technical support of the installation consist of both the cost of materials and works for:
The running costs are no less important than the costs of building the plant and usually do not exceed 4% of the initial cost of the plant per year. Interest payments on a loan The cost of a biogas plant depends on the interest and principal payments of borrowed funds for the construction of plants. Interest rates in Kyrgyzstan range from 17% to 40% per annum. Inflation must also be taken into account. Operating period of the installation When calculating depreciation, one should take the expected life of the plant to be about 15 years, with regular maintenance and repair. Economic benefit of a biogas plant To determine the economic benefits of a biogas plant and compare alternative projects of biogas plants, it is necessary to calculate the payback period of the plant. Divide the installation cost by the annual income from the installation and multiply by 12 to determine how long the installation will pay for itself in months. Example: The cost of a farm biogas plant with a reactor volume of 15 m3 is 6655 USD (see table 24), and the cost of the annual income from its operation, as we calculated in the example, is only from increasing yields and replacing coal and liquefied gas with heating and cooking food for biogas 7704 USD. It turns out that a 15 m3 biogas plant will pay off in 10 months of continuous operation. Loan financing Although the payback of a biogas plant operating in mesophilic mode with a reactor volume of more than 15 m3 is less than 1 year of operation, a big problem for rural residents of Kyrgyzstan is the initial amount of money needed for its construction. The solution could be loan financing of the plant. To calculate the payback of a plant financed with a loan for 12 months at 25% per annum, we calculate the total amount that will have to be paid for the loan at 6655 USD, which, including interest on the loan, is 8324 USD. Now the payback period of the installation will be approximately 13 months. Theory and practice Although, as can be seen from the previous examples, the payback of installations with a reactor volume of 15 m3 does not exceed 1,5 years, one should be aware that practical results may differ from theoretical calculations for many reasons. For example, the construction and commissioning of a plant may take longer, the plant may start operating later than the planting season, delaying the increase in yields and associated revenues. Therefore, it is more rational to plan the payback of the installation for 2 - 3 years, depending on the available credit conditions. In such cases, as well as when the installation is operating in a psychophilic mode, the minimum annual income method can be used for economic calculations. Minimum annual income method The annual income method is to determine the income that must be received from the installation for each year of its operation for its payback in a predetermined number of years. To apply the annual income method, you need to define the following parameters:
Number of years (T) The number of years is determined based on the terms of the loan or simply on your plans. You can also do a cost-benefit analysis for several options and choose the one that suits you best. Annual cost (C) Annual costs consist of the costs of:
Most of these costs can only be estimated. Typically, maintenance and repair costs do not exceed 4% of the total cost of the installation per year. The cost of operating the plant depends on its type and consists of the replacement of various materials such as cleaning agents, biogas purification materials, electricity used to mix the raw materials. The cost of inspections arises from the operation of pressure vessels and consists of the cost of inspections and annual confirmations. It is required to take into account the cost of replacing parts of the installation when the life of these parts is shorter than the life of the installation as a whole. Initial installation cost (HC) The total investment consists of the costs of:
Interest rate (PS) The implied interest rate must be determined on a case-by-case basis. In any case, this rate must necessarily take into account inflation. When using borrowed funds, this is the rate that the borrower pays to the bank, plus all other additional payments. If using own funds, this is the rate that the farmer could receive if he put money in the bank. With mixed financing, this should be a certain average rate. In Kyrgyzstan, the interest rate for borrowed funds ranges from 17 to 40% per annum, and inflation in 2009 was about 10% per annum. Example: calculation of the minimum annual revenues for a plant operating in mesophilic mode. The farmer took a loan for 3 years for the construction of a biogas plant with a reactor volume of 15 m3 with heating, automated mixing and injection systems for raw materials. Such an installation costs about 6655 USD. The interest rate on the loan is 25% per annum with annual payments. Get: Number of years T = 3 years, Initial cost of installing HC = 6655 USD, Annual costs H = 4% of HC = 266 USD, Interest rate PS = 25% + 10% inflation = 30% = 0,35. Calculate the minimum annual income GD \u1d NS * ( (PS * (PS + XNUMX)т) : ((PS + 1)т- 1) ) + Z = 6655 * ( (0,35*(0,35 + 1)3) : ((0,35 + 1)3- 1) ) + 266 = 6655 * 0,59 + 266 = 4192 USD. Thus, the farmer must receive an income of at least 4192 USD per year in order to pay the 3 year loan. Whether he can do this is determined by the amount of annual benefits. Annual income (B) The annual benefits consist of all the monetary benefits that a biogas plant brings. Income is received from:
Continuation of the example Above, we have already calculated the annual benefits from a biogas plant with a reactor volume of 15 m3, they amounted to 7704 USD. That is, the farmer will be able to pay off the loan even if the installation is delayed by 6 months, or the installation runs at half capacity, or only 6 months a year. Annual profit (GP) If the annual profit is positive, then the construction of the plant can be considered profitable in an absolute sense. If it is negative, then the construction of BSU is unprofitable. The annual profit is calculated as the difference between the annual benefits of GV and the minimum required annual income of GD: GP = GV - GD. In our example, this is: 7704 - 4192 = 3512 USD. Sources of financing The cost of building and operating a biogas plant often exceeds the financial capacity of the farms. Thus, the construction of the plant requires additional funding, which can come from the following sources:
All these sources must be considered for each specific installation case. Grant funding In Kyrgyzstan, as in many other developing countries, there are international organizations that allocate grant funds to achieve their goals. About half of the biogas plants built in the Kyrgyz Republic were partly financed by the GEF/UNDP. Financing with a loan Financing with credit raises the question of liability and terms of debt repayment. The borrower must be sure that he will be able to cover the loan or must have government guarantees to repay the debt. Loan disbursement must be planned to coincide with funding needs. The time for which a loan is granted is also usually much shorter than the life of a biogas plant, for example 3 years compared to 15 to 20 years of plant operation. Macroeconomic assessment Macroeconomic analysis considers the program for the introduction of biogas technologies on a national scale. This means that the state economic policy should take into account the effect of the introduction of biogas technologies on the state economy as a whole. Economic effect of biogas plants When evaluating the introduction of biogas technologies from the point of view of the state as a whole, the following effects should be taken into account:
Sectors of influence It is necessary to take into account the effect of the introduction of biogas technologies in the sectors: energy and agriculture, environment, healthcare, employment. Energy and agriculture Energy Many developing countries base their energy consumption on traditional energy sources (wood, crop residues, manure, animal strength and manual labor). Biomass energy utilization rates vary widely, from S% in Argentina to over 90% in countries such as Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda, Sudan and Nepal. With the increase in the use of biogas, the demand for traditional energy sources will fall. Therefore, the effect of the use of biogas will be expressed in increased environmental benefits due to less consumption of firewood, and a reduction in illegal logging. The replacement of commercial energy sources such as oil, coal and natural gas with biogas impacts the government budget. On the one hand, the effect of using biogas is expressed in the replacement of imports of energy carriers and the reduction of payments for their imports. On the other hand, dependence on oil, coal and gas imports is decreasing, bringing relative stability to the economy. The macroeconomic benefits of biogas plants are due to their efficiency and reliability and reduced costs for distribution infrastructure and networks. Need for fertilizer In order for the arable and hayfields of Kyrgyzstan to produce sustainable crops, more than 400 thousand tons of various mineral fertilizers are needed per year. Neither the state, nor, moreover, the farmers of Kyrgyzstan can buy such volumes of fertilizers due to lack of financial resources. In reality, only manure is used for fertilizer. Table 27 calculates the annual accumulation of manure in the Kyrgyz Republic, based on the minimum amount of manure of 85% moisture per animal and the percentage of its accumulation in farms. Table 27. Manure accumulation in the Kyrgyz Republic
The republic's need for manure as an organic fertilizer at an application rate of 13,3 tons per hectare per year is 19 million tons. As can be seen from the table, the collection of manure, due to the stall keeping of livestock, is only from 30% to 60%, depending on the type of animal. This makes it possible to collect only about 6 million tons of manure per year, which is 31% of the total need for organic fertilizers. Potential of biofertilizers in Kyrgyzstan Processing a ton of manure in a biogas plant produces one ton of liquid organic fertilizers, the application rate of which is from 1 to 7 tons per hectare. The processing of livestock waste in Kyrgyzstan will make it possible to obtain 6 tons of liquid fertilizers and will largely satisfy the needs of the country's agriculture in fertilizers. Simultaneously with the production of liquid fertilizers, as a result of anaerobic processing of animal waste, biogas will be obtained to meet the domestic energy needs of the rural population and the needs for motor fuel. The overall benefits derived from the processing of animal waste make it possible to recoup the cost of their implementation in less than a year of operation of the plants. The use of biogas and energy-saving technologies in Kyrgyzstan will ensure effective growth in agricultural production, improve the living standards of the rural population and the environmental situation in the country. Moreover, the use of biofertilizers reduces dependence on external supplies of mineral fertilizers and creates external economies. Table 27. Calculation of indicators of biogas plants for the Kyrgyz Republic
Environment When a country faces the problem of deforestation and soil degradation, biogas technologies can prevent these problems and completely replace the need for firewood with biogas in rural areas. With a daily need for one person of about 3 kg of firewood, 2,3 m3 of biogas is needed to replace them. Well-functioning biogas plants can completely replace wood and coal consumption with biogas. In macroeconomic assessments, the effect of using biogas plants is estimated in hectares of preserved forest. Monetary benefits can be calculated based on the cost of planting and growing that area of forest. But such a simple approach is not entirely correct, since the rural population first uses only dry branches and trees, and only then green trees, and the effect of deforestation appears slowly, and at certain stages the forest can regenerate itself. At the same time, artificial plantations do not restore the biodiversity inherent in this area, and between deforestation and tree planting, a long time often passes, during which irreversible erosion processes take place, fauna and flora are reduced. Reducing deforestation and land degradation is one of the main arguments for the introduction of biogas technologies. Animal waste also negatively affects the sanitary situation, polluting water resources. Manure runoff is a favorable environment for the vital activity of various microorganisms, including pathogens, and is also characterized by a high content of helminth eggs. A unique feature of the application of biogas technologies is the simultaneous reduction of the need for firewood and the improvement of land quality, which significantly reduces the threat of land degradation, as well as the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, preventing climate change. Healthcare Biogas plants ensure the utilization of waste and sewage and directly improve the sanitary and hygienic situation in the country as a whole and for individual farmers in particular. When processing raw materials, open storage of manure and feces is also excluded. In addition, pathogenic microflora is actively destroyed during processing. Thus, the use of biogas technologies increases life expectancy for the population, frees the population from the cost of medicines and treatment of intestinal diseases. Reduction of pathogenic influence Processing animal and human excreta in biogas systems clearly improves sanitation for plant owners, their families and society at large. The pathogenic potential of raw materials is greatly reduced during anaerobic processing. Each new installation eliminates the need to build garbage and toilet pits. The direct connection of the toilets to the reactors is particularly advantageous in terms of hygiene and sanitary well-being, and eliminates odours. Reducing the spread of disease Since biofertilizers do not attract flies and other parasites, the spread of contagious diseases among humans and among animals is reduced. Moreover, eye and respiratory diseases are reduced from burning dry dung and firewood8. Gastrointestinal diseases Many gastrointestinal diseases are spread by pathogens found in fecal matter. Infection is provided by the farmers themselves, who distribute the fecal matter in the fields. Anaerobic processing of human, animal excrement and organic waste ensures their disinfection by destroying most pathogenic bacteria. A successful example is the control of schistosomiasis and tapeworms through the expansion of biogas plants in China, where these diseases have decreased by 99% and 13%, respectively, from the level before the introduction of biogas plants. The economic effect of reducing the incidence For users of biogas technologies, the positive health impact is particularly pronounced through the reduction of smoke in kitchens. The effect of reducing gastrointestinal diseases becomes noticeable only with the widespread introduction of biogas plants. Employment The construction of biogas plants creates additional jobs and business opportunities, as the amount of energy produced increases, the country's rural areas develop, which contributes to a reduction in migration and an overall improvement in living conditions. Growth of local production The construction of a biogas plant provides a short-term employment opportunity in the construction of the excavation, foundation, construction and installation of pipes. The operation of plants requires long-term employment of operators and provides opportunities for skilled workers to repair and maintain biogas plants, distribute fertilizers, and collect raw materials. In China, there has been a rapid growth of local production of parts for biogas plants and materials for them. Migration The effect of reducing rural-to-urban migration has been observed, thanks to the creation of jobs and improved living conditions in the farms and rural areas of developing countries where biogas plants have been built. Social policy Biogas technologies not only support the state economy and the ecological situation in the country, but also provide the local population with opportunities to improve living conditions and well-being. Sanitary conditions and public health are improving. Employment, skills and food production for rural people are also improving. It is recommended to install biogas systems for communities and associations to smooth out income disparities. Implementation of biogas technologies in Kyrgyzstan Successful large-scale implementation of biogas technologies requires taking into account the mutual influence of existing climatic, social, economic and environmental conditions, raising public and political awareness, as well as government support. Climatic conditions Biogas technologies are fundamentally applicable in most climatic zones, but the cost of their implementation increases with a decrease in ambient temperature, since in such cases it is necessary to provide additional heating and insulation of the biogas plant. Biogas systems without heating and insulation do not show satisfactory results at average air temperatures below 15°C. A small amount of seasonal and annual precipitation leads to the expansion of transhumance grazing instead of stall keeping. This reduces the amount of manure produced, ready for processing in biogas plants. On the other hand, heavy rainfall leads to a rise in groundwater levels, which creates problems in the construction and operation of biogas plants. All natural features of Kyrgyzstan - landscapes, soils, water resources, flora and fauna, as well as social and economic conditions of life and activity of the population are determined by mountains. The peculiarities of the country's climate are a decrease in atmospheric pressure and air temperature (by an average of 0,6 ° C per 100 m) and an increase in precipitation with increasing altitude. The average annual long-term temperature throughout the territory of Kyrgyzstan is below +15°C of air and biogas plants without heating and insulation will not be able to provide the economy of Kyrgyzstan with biogas and biofertilizers all year round. The most effective is the introduction of installations in the reactor of which the mesophilic or thermophilic temperature is maintained. Plants with reactor isolation, but without heating, in which the digestion process takes place at temperatures up to 20°C, will only be able to produce a small amount of biogas. The temperature in the reactor of plants without heating and insulation is usually 1-2°C higher than the temperature of the ground cover and they will work only in the warm season. Economic conditions In Kyrgyzstan, where about 65% of the population is employed in agriculture and more than 80% of rural residents are below the poverty line, the lack of necessary financial resources is an obvious obstacle to large-scale implementation of biogas technologies. The poor in society will not be able to afford the capital investment required to implement a biogas plant, even though the payback and economic benefits of a biogas plant are fast. Attempts to reduce the cost of building a biogas plant should be undertaken in parallel with the development of credit and other financial systems that facilitate access to funds for the implementation of biogas plants. The widespread use of biogas plants provides benefits not only to plant owners, but to society as a whole. A macroeconomic assessment of the profitability of introducing biogas plants should take into account the positive effects on the energy sector, an increase in agricultural production, a reduction in health and environmental costs, an increase in employment, and the replacement of imported gas and fertilizers with domestic ones. social conditions Biogas technologies not only support the national economy and the quality of the environment, but also provide the local population with opportunities to improve living conditions and well-being. Improved sanitary conditions and public health, as well as the quality of food grown without chemicals. By reducing heating costs, schools, libraries, clubs are supported. Employment and vocational qualifications of rural residents are also improving. Biogas plants utilize waste and wastewater and directly improve the hygiene situation for individual users and society as a whole. When processing raw materials, open storage of manure and feces is also excluded. In addition, pathogenic microflora is partially destroyed during processing. Thus, biogas technologies increase the life expectancy of the population and reduce the cost of medicines and treatment of intestinal diseases, increasing working capacity. Political conditions For Kyrgyzstan, large-scale production of biofertilizers and biogas will reduce the amount of imported fossil fuels and mineral fertilizers. Macroeconomically, the conversion of organic waste into biofertilizers for the degraded agricultural land of the country and the production of biogas as an energy source are of prime importance. Taking into account the current economic conditions in the country and the benefits of introducing biogas technologies into the country's agriculture, financial support from the government can be considered as an investment aimed at reducing the future costs of importing oil products and mineral fertilizers, health care and hygiene costs, as well as costs associated with degradation of natural resources. Examples of successful large-scale implementation of biogas plants in the countries of America, Europe and Asia by providing subsidies, preferential financing for the construction and operation of biogas plants, training farmers, opening service centers allow us to recommend the adoption of similar measures in the Kyrgyz Republic. Public and political awareness Popularization of biogas technologies should take place in parallel with the construction and implementation of biogas plants. Without awareness by the population of Kyrgyzstan of the expediency of introducing biogas technologies, the benefits and limitations of their use, there can be no question of introducing biogas technologies at the level of farmers. At the same time, awareness within the country's government is needed. Since the influence and aspects of biogas technologies are relevant to a wide variety of government structures (e.g. agriculture, environment, energy, economics), it is necessary to identify and include all responsible government structures, as well as the civil sector in the process of disseminating information about biogas technologies and increasing them. status. Governmental support To ensure the large-scale dissemination of biogas technologies that positively affect the state economy, the state can provide the following support:
Global environmental benefits of biogas technologies The anaerobic processing of livestock waste reduces greenhouse gas emissions that affect the climate. The use of biogas reduces carbon dioxide emissions by reducing the consumption of fossil fuels such as gasoline, coal, firewood. At the same time, thanks to the collection and use of methane emissions from manure processing, emissions of the second most important greenhouse gas, methane, are reduced. Greenhouse effect The greenhouse effect is caused by the presence of gases in the atmosphere that allow short-wavelength solar radiation to reach the earth, but, like a greenhouse film, trap infrared radiation from the heated earth. Due to the natural greenhouse effect, the average earth temperature is 15°C instead of minus 18°C. The increase in the presence of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which include mainly carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide (laughing gas), leads to an increase in the temperature of the earth, climate change. According to the World Bank experts, by 20S0 global warming will increase the sea level by 50 cm, which will cause coastal flooding, salinization of groundwater and loss of land area13. Reducing carbon dioxide emissions Biogas plants reduce wood consumption and reduce deforestation, reduce land degradation and subsequent natural disasters such as flooding or desertification. Using 1 m3 of biogas instead of 1,3 kg of firewood reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 2,6 kg. The reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by replacing the use of gasoline is about 1,6 kg per 1 m3. Biogas and the global carbon cycle The natural formation of biogas is an important part of the planet's biochemical carbon cycle. Every year, about S90-880 million tons of methane is released into the earth's atmosphere through the action of microbes. About 90% of methane emissions occur through the decomposition of biomass, and the rest - due to natural processes. Reducing methane emissions Until now, measures to reduce global warming have mainly focused on reducing carbon dioxide emissions due to its high concentration in the atmosphere, but other gases have a much stronger greenhouse effect. For example, methane makes up only 20% of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, but its potential to influence the climate is 23 times higher than carbon dioxide. Therefore, reducing methane emissions is more effective in preventing climate change than reducing carbon dioxide emissions. Sources of methane emissions in agriculture The amount of methane emissions from agriculture is about 33% of global methane emissions associated with human activities. Animal husbandry is responsible for 16%, rice cultivation for 12% and animal waste for 5%. While 16% of global methane emissions from ruminant digestion (about 80 million tons per year) are unlikely to be reduced, methane emissions from animal waste can be collected and used through anaerobic digestion in biogas plants. The exact amount of methane emissions depends on the type of animals, their feed and manure storage systems. For example, in developed countries, emissions from dairy animals amount to 0,32 m3 of methane per kilogram of dry manure, while in developing countries it is only 0,25 m3. Potential to Reduce Methane Emissions with Biogas Technologies Through the anaerobic processing of animal waste and the use of methane for energy production, a global reduction in emissions of 13,24 million tons of methane per year can be achieved. Overall, this accounts for about 4% of global anthropogenic methane emissions. Reduction of nitrous oxide emissions in agriculture The relative potential of nitrous oxide (laughing gas) for climate change is 320 times that of carbon dioxide. Laughing gas production is a natural microbiological process that occurs during nitrification and denitrification in soils, wastewater, and waste disposal systems. Soil fertilization and special storage conditions can reduce laughing gas emissions by several times. Studies show that laughing gas emissions can be reduced by 10% by anaerobic treatment of liquid waste. This means avoiding the emission of 15,7 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent per year. Potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in Kyrgyzstan Processing 6 tons of manure per year will prevent the release of 058 Gg of carbon dioxide equivalent CO2 into the atmosphere, and reducing the consumption of fossil fuels when they are replaced by biogas will lead to a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions. The widespread introduction of biogas technologies in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy of Kyrgyzstan, plus the production of heat and energy for household appliances, will achieve an effective and sustainable reduction of environmental impacts on the environment. Authors: Vedenev A.G., Vedeneva T.A.
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