How to choose a wind generator. Scheme, description

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How to choose a wind generator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Alternative energy sources

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Wind generators are a type of power equipment that is gaining popularity. The purpose of the wind generator is to convert the kinetic energy of the air flow, called wind, into electrical energy. In addition to wind turbines, wind turbines are also quite common, which serve to directly drive pumps, the so-called wind pumps. The energy generated by a wind turbine can be calculated using the following formula:

Р = 0,5*rho*S*Ср*V3*Ng*Nb

where P - power, W; rho - air density (approximately 1,225 kg / m0,5); S is the throwing area of the rotor; V - wind speed, m/s; Cp - aerodynamic coefficient (theoretically XNUMX); Ng - generator efficiency; Nb - gearbox efficiency (if any).

All components of this formula for a particular wind turbine, except for wind speed, are constants (air density, of course, depends on temperature, but its changes can be neglected as small). Therefore, we can say that the power generated by the wind generator is proportional to the cube of the wind speed.

This means that the power of the wind turbine in light winds (even if it is rotating) is very small. But as the wind increases, there is a sharp increase in power. And since the wind in practice blows at a constant speed and direction only in a wind tunnel, it is clear that the power generated by a wind generator is a value that constantly changes over time. Therefore, any energy system using a wind generator as an energy source must have a stabilizing link.

In small autonomous systems, the battery usually plays the role of such a link. If the wind generator power is greater than the load power, the battery is charged. If the load power is greater, the battery is discharged. This implies the following important feature of the wind turbine as a power source: if most other sources are selected by peak load power, wind turbines should be selected based on the amount of electricity consumption per month (or per year, as you like).

Let's illustrate this with an example. On the seashore, where the average wind speed approaches 6 m / s, there is a house where a family of three comes for the weekend. Electrical equipment is also turned on only on weekends. Consumption reaches 15 kWh per day, while the peak load is up to 3 kW. Therefore, the monthly energy consumption is 120 kWh. With an average annual wind speed of 6 m/s, a small 120 W wind generator can provide 700 kWh per month. In addition, a large capacity battery is required to store the energy for 5 days, and a 3 kW inverter (which converts the battery's DC voltage to standard AC voltage) is needed to handle peak loads.

Another example. In an area with an average wind speed of 5 m/s, a telecommunications facility was built that constantly consumes an average of 2 kW of electricity, while the peak load does not exceed the same 3 kW. In this case, we multiply 2 kW by the number of hours per month (720) and get 1440 kWh - the value of the object's consumption per month. In order to ensure the production of 1420 kWh at such a wind speed, a wind generator with a capacity of 10 kW is needed. At the same time, it will work through the same 3 kW inverter.

As you can see, in each of the above cases, the power of the wind generator differs by several times from the peak load power. Peak load power determines the inverter power. The wind generator itself determines only the amount of output in a certain time period at a certain average monthly wind speed. In addition to the average wind speed, there is a more detailed input for estimating wind resources, called Weibull parameters, which reflect the distribution of wind duration of a certain strength for a given location, they are used in the design of wind farms with a capacity of tens of MW.

For small-scale energy projects, spending money on such research does not make economic sense, because it is possible to roughly estimate the expected output from the average wind speed at the wind turbine installation site. From the above examples, we can also conclude about the nature of the load, for which it is most advisable to use a wind generator to power it. This is an uneven load, at which the peak load exceeds the average load by 10 or more times.

The most common use case for a relatively small wind turbine is domestic load. For example, for a family in a city apartment, the average load is 0,5 kW (360 kWh per month according to the meter). Peak load - 5 kW when the electric stove, washing machine, microwave and other less powerful appliances are turned on. A 5 kW wind generator can provide these needs even in a not very windy place. A uniform load, for example, heating, when even one 1 kW heater works around the clock, requires 720 kWh per month, which a 5 kW wind generator can provide only in areas with good wind resources (for example, on the coast, in the steppe and etc.).

Based on the materials of NPO "Electrosphere"

See other articles Section Alternative energy sources.

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