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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
A nanotube made of carbon atoms can be used as a scale for weighing viruses: the tube bends if a weight of one femtogram (one billionth of a milligram) is placed on its end. In the picture: the virus is weighed, its mass is 22 femtograms. Since this summer, the Japanese Ministry of Health has allowed hospitals to store medical records in electronic form, without printing on paper. The most greedy consumers of information on our planet are the Swiss. The average Swiss spends $1234 a year on newspapers, magazines, pay TV, the Internet, and other sources of information, while an American spends $1000 and a Japanese $880. In the Hawaiian Islands, the first crop of decaffeinated coffee is expected in about a year and a half. The new variety was created by genetic engineers by blocking the gene for the enzyme that produces caffeine. 99% of Finnish youth aged 18 to 24 have a cell phone. Norway's annual lobster catch has dropped from 35 tons to 1000 tons over the past 30 years, so a breeding station for these large crustaceans is under construction. Under the supervision of electronics, the station will annually produce four million young lobsters, feeding them with plankton. English physicists have obtained the lowest temperature, falling short of absolute zero by only a few millionths of a degree. Ten years ago, a well-equipped top-class limousine had up to fifty electric motors in various auxiliary systems, including the audio system. Now there are up to a hundred of them, and a middle-class passenger car has 50 electric motors. The average Japanese spends 600 kilograms of steel in the form of various products per year (including rebar for reinforced concrete used for the construction of various structures), the average German - 500 kilograms, the American - 440, the Russian - 120, the Chinese - 100, and the resident of India - only 30 kilograms . If 400 years ago Leonardo da Vinci wrote not on parchment, but on a computer, his notes and sketches would not have survived to this day. Moreover, if Pushkin did not write on paper, but on a computer that allows you to change the phrase being written on the go, we would not have his drafts now and could not follow the train of thought of the genius. The end of the twentieth century, due to the widespread use of computers, may turn out to be the worst documented period in the history of mankind. The point is not only that electronic devices are much less durable than stone, baked clay, papyrus, birch bark and paper, but also that the design of computers and the principles of recording information in them are constantly changing. A magnetic floppy disk, written only five years ago, is not already readable on any computer, but what will happen in half a century? According to WHO, last year the number of patients with leprosy in Africa and India increased by 17 percent - there were 760 new patients. Every year, 45 people die from alcoholism and its consequences in Germany. Alcoholism costs the country, including direct and indirect costs, 20 billion euros every year. Direct costs are the costs of treatment and prevention of alcoholism, as well as losses from accidents at work, taking into account injuries and material losses. Indirect - absenteeism, early retirement and death of people of working age. Japanese geneticists have genetically engineered a coffee variety that contains 70 percent less caffeine than regular varieties. At the same time, unlike coffee, from which caffeine is removed by chemical solvents, all aromatic and flavoring substances are preserved in the beans of the new variety. True, until fruit-bearing trees grow from sprouts, it will take four years, and it will take several more years to fully test the new variety. So natural decaffeinated coffee will not appear in stores soon. It turns out that cat owners wear cat allergens on their clothes. Belgian researchers found noticeable amounts of cat saliva proteins on the seats of six cinemas in Brussels, and New Zealand researchers found on the seats of passenger planes. As shown by a six-month experiment conducted at the clinic of skin diseases of the University of Bochum (Germany), an extract from a medicinal plant of black cohosh can prevent baldness. It not only prevents the loss of existing hair, but also promotes the appearance of new ones. Black cohosh turned out to be the first medicinal plant, the effectiveness of which has been scientifically proven for baldness. Apparently, this is due to the presence of hormone-like substances in it. French genetic engineers have taught yeast to produce cortisol, an adrenal hormone. Over the past year, travel by car in Paris has fallen by three percent, while cycling has risen by four percent. Following the example of the Chinese, who bought an entire steel plant in Dortmund (Germany) and moved to the Nanjing region, the Malaysian company Megasteel bought a tandem cold rolling mill in Duisburg. Equipment weighing 10 thousand tons has already been delivered to the plant in Banting near the capital of Malaysia. One out of every five Europeans is exposed to certain harmful substances, including carcinogens, in their workplace. These are the results of a survey commissioned by the European Union. The Japanese company Mitsubishi proposed a simple and effective way to save battery power in mobile phones and PDAs: display text on the screen not in black letters on a white background, when almost the entire surface of the screen, except for letters, should be lit, but in white on black. It reads just as well, and some even like it better. Comparing the content of niobium and tantalum in terrestrial, lunar and Martian rocks, as well as in some meteorites and asteroid fragments, German mineralogists came to the conclusion that the Moon consists of at least a third of terrestrial rocks torn out of the body of our planet by a powerful impact of asteroid 4,53 .XNUMX billion years ago. A survey by American dentists of 3530 children aged 4 to 11 showed that those whose parents smoke had an increased incidence of dental caries. The reasons for this pattern, which concerns, however, only milk teeth, are unclear. In France, about 330 square kilometers of the country's territory are built up and covered with asphalt or concrete every year. Basically, fields and meadows are used for construction and roads. French ski resorts in the Alps used 2,6 million cubic meters of water to produce artificial snow last season. Due to the warming of the climate in the mountains, there is less and less snow: the number of snow cannons in mountain resorts from 1988 to 1998 increased annually by 28%. 30% of the coasts of the seas on our planet are built up or damaged by other human activities. The most frequently performed surgical operation in France is the removal of a cataract, it has overtaken in frequency even the removal of the appendix. It was found that within a radius of two kilometers from the antennas of Vatican Radio, the frequency of leukemia among children is 6,5 times higher than away from the antennas. The radio station had to reduce the radiation power by 2 times. American biologist Alex Fowler proposes to settle on the fibers of textiles from which clothing is made, bacteria that can eat dirt and sweat. A shirt made of this material can be left unwashed, but it may need to be dipped in a sugar solution occasionally to feed the bacteria. An average of 17 Americans die on the job every day. The first cause of death is traffic accidents (it mainly affects truck drivers), the second is a fall from a height (construction workers) and the third is workplace homicide (this is how cashiers and police officers most often die). Lefties are twice as likely to develop chronic colitis as righties. The reasons for this phenomenon, noticed by English doctors, are unknown. Motorists in Thailand are switching to a new fuel - a mixture of coconut oil and kerosene. At gas stations, it is sold one and a half times cheaper than regular gasoline. France intends to spend 70 billion francs in the coming years to replace the 42 kilometers of lead water pipes that still exist in the old quarters of many cities. In industrialized countries, 12-15% of the adult population is exposed to hearing-threatening noise levels (85 decibels or more). One per cent of English households have neither a mobile nor a landline phone. Teflon and similar fluorine-containing polymers emit toxic gases when heated strongly, Canadian researchers have discovered, which also contribute to the destruction of the ozone layer. Drivers between the ages of 18 and 21 make up just 7% of all license holders in England, but they account for 13% of fatal accidents. A survey on attitudes towards products obtained from genetically modified animals and plants was conducted in European countries. He showed that the Swedes, the Spaniards and the Dutch are the most benevolent towards such products, and the Greeks, Danes and Austrians are the most suspicious of them. In the second quarter of this year, sales of personal computers in the world fell by 2000% compared to the same period in 1,9, and even by 6% in the US. This is the first time that demand for computers has declined in 15 years. However, in Russia, growth continues, although no one has exact data: figures are from 15 to 36%. Canadian farmers protest against secret experiments conducted by two firms with transgenic wheat. In fifty fields, the location of which is kept secret, wheat was sown last spring with genes for resistance to fungal diseases and herbicides. To prevent crops from being attacked by fighters with transgenic products and competitors seeking to steal a new variety, the places where the experiments were carried out were not advertised. Farmers fear that the pollen from the transgenic will get into their conventional wheat fields and turn it transgenic, which buyers may not like. A survey of 3000 English families showed that 14% of parents forbid their children to connect to the Internet as a punishment. Several hundred American churches have sold the right to install cell phone and pager antennas on their spiers. The rent for a place can reach up to a thousand dollars a month. This example was picked up by the German church. Of the ten cities in the world with the most polluted air, nine are in China and one is in India, according to the World Resources Institute. The city with the heaviest air is Lanzhou in the north of China, the concentration of dust in the air here is 0,7 milligrams per liter (the sanitary standard is no more than 0,09 milligrams). The Vatican turned to the Archbishop of the Czech city of Olomouc with a request to reconsider the witchcraft trials that took place in Moravia in the 1679th-1415th centuries. The revision would begin with a process that resulted in more than a hundred people being sentenced to be burned at the stake in XNUMX. The procurator of the court of the Inquisition was at that time a certain farmer who, taking advantage of his official position, tried to accuse certain wealthy landowners of witchcraft in order to seize their property. Representatives of the Olomouc episcopate do not hide the fact that the work of rehabilitating witches and sorcerers will take a long time: for example, the review of the court case of Jan Hus, who was burned as a heretic in XNUMX, has been going on for eight years. Similar commissions should also be set up in France, England and Germany. Pictures from space showed that in the Gobi desert, one of the most arid and barren regions of the planet, people lived 125 thousand years ago. The images show silhouettes of irrigation canals that cannot be seen from the ground. The Cuban Plant Protection Institute has developed a fungus that kills cockroaches. In the laboratory, he destroys 70 percent of mustachioed freeloaders, and in natural conditions (in an apartment) - even 90 percent if they eat the fungus or pick up its spores. These spores remain viable and able to infect cockroaches for two years. In the famous center of the ceramic industry - the city of Mettlach in Germany, a method was invented for the production of ultra-smooth sanitary faience. Pollution and microbes simply cannot stick to it and are easily washed off with a stream of water. British microbiologists counted the number of bacteria in the sea at several popular beaches, and found that there are more dangerous microbes in the water in the morning than in the middle of the day. It is believed that solar ultraviolet sterilizes water. Therefore, it is better not to swim in the morning. The rain falling on Germany turned out to contain radioactive iodine-139, flying from British and French nuclear fuel processing plants. True, the content of the isotope is very small - much less than a dangerous dose. On the roads of England, two peaks of death of wild animals under the wheels of cars are annually observed - in spring and autumn. These periods coincide with the days of transition from winter time to summer time and vice versa. Animals do not have time to understand that the safe time to cross the road has changed. In the ice column taken from the ice sheet of Antarctica, at levels corresponding to 1181, 1320, 1572 and 1604, increased amounts of nitrates were noted. In these years, judging by the chronicles and works of ancient astronomers, bright flashes of supernovae were noted. It is assumed that ionizing radiation from flares, reaching the upper layers of the atmosphere, caused an increased formation of nitrogen oxides.
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