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AT LEISURE
To help the erudite. Database on the history, geography, biology, science, technology, sport, culture, traditions of the peoples of the world. According to the materials of the press and the Internet.
Champagne Once the territory of the present Champagne was the seabed. The sea receded 70 million years ago. Due to the earthquakes of the Tertiary period, Cretaceous deposits were formed, which provide good drainage. In addition, limestone and chalky soil perfectly retains the heat of the sun, provides relative temperature stability, and its saturation with minerals, in particular silica, gives Champagne wines a special aroma and sophistication. Traditionally, the inventor of champagne is the house of Pierre Perignon, or Dom Perignon, whose years of birth and death coincide with the years of birth and death of King Louis XIV (1638-1715). He was the housekeeper of the abbey of Oville (Hautvillers), that is, he was in charge of food supplies and a wine cellar, where he experimented with mixing wines from different regions of France. In fact, Dom Perignon was not the inventor of the champagne method, but his merits in improving the quality of still Champagne wines are undeniable. Perhaps he was the first to understand and put into practice the basics of modern viticulture and winemaking: strict selection of grape varieties, more precise timing of harvest and the art of assemblage. Previously, in Champagne, the cork was hammered into the bottle with a wooden hammer, now they use a machine, the pressure of which on the cork is about 2 tons. By law, the cork must have the word Champagne on it. For the production of champagne, only three grape varieties are allowed by law: black with colorless juice Pinot Noir (Pinot Noir) and Pinot Meunier (Pinot Meunier) and white Chardonnay (Chardonnay). Pinot Noir occupies 38% of the total vineyard area of Champagne, Pinot Meunier - 35%, and Chardonnay - 27%. The optimum serving temperature for ordinary champagne is 7-9C, for the best brands - 9-12C. A bucket with ice and water is used to cool champagne. In this case, it is necessary that the amount of water is not less than the amount of ice. If you do it the other way around or simply put ice on the bottle, the cooling will be too slow and incomplete. In order for it to be uniform, it is recommended to periodically turn the bottle in the bucket. You can uncork a bottle (without shaking it!) directly in a bucket or on a weight. In this case, one should act carefully and avoid cotton, which is considered inappropriate, and most importantly leads to the loss of carbon dioxide by champagne, which worsens its taste. A confirmation of the literacy of your actions is the exhalation (not a shot) of the bottle. Champagne is poured 2/3 into tall narrow crystal glasses. Hold the glass by the leg. The best vintages of Champagne over the past half century: 1945, 1955, 1959, 1964, 1975, 1985, 1989 (some sources rate this year as one of the most outstanding in the last fifteen years), 1990, 1996. The wines of these years are quoted higher, more expensive and live longer. And, for example, the 1993 vintage is rated as not very good, and the vast majority of champagne houses did not produce this year's champagne vintage. A device for cutting the tip of a cigar is called a guillotine. The most bloody event in American history was the Civil War, in which more Americans died than during any other war, including both world wars. Moreover, more soldiers died from wounds and infections than from wounds on the battlefield. The art of conversation on any topic, L. Hamilton, 2001 The horse sees with each eye separately. Moreover, her eyes magnify objects. Albert Einstein was constantly asked to formulate his theory of relativity in a concise way that anyone could understand. Einstein did it this way: If you promise not to take my words seriously, as nothing more than a joke based on the theory of relativity, then I can give you a brief definition of it. Scientists believe that if all matter disappears from the universe, space and time will remain. But according to the theory of relativity, time and space will disappear along with matter. Alcoholic drinks are any drinks containing ethyl alcohol. There are two main groups of alcoholic beverages - fermented and distilled. Fermented are beer and wine. Distilled are brandy, gin, rum, vodka, whiskey and cognac. They contain 40 to 50% ethyl alcohol. The alexandrite gemstone is named after the Russian Tsar Alexander II, since most often these stones were found in Russia. The meat of pigs is called pork, the meat of rams is called lamb, and here, bulls and codes are beef. Why?. Before answering this question, let's look at the constructions of these words. The words pork and lamb are formed from the roots pig and ram and the suffix in. This is a rather curious, so-called meat suffix. In fact, it mainly forms the words that denote the meat of domestic animals and fish (lamb, veal, horse meat, goat meat, sturgeon, salmon, etc.). There are relatively few other words with this suffix (depth, width, silence, etc.). Now about the main thing. In the word beef, the same meat suffix, but strange, as it were, beef root. It turns out that there was once an ancient Slavic word govyado, which meant both a bull and a cow. From this word, not only the word beef was formed, but also a beef, that is, the owner of livestock, a cattle merchant, or even a shepherd. The words beef and beef disappeared, only derivatives remained - beef, beef. (aidyn.narod.ru) There are 1045 teeth on the fortress walls of the Moscow Kremlin. There is no 11th entrance at all in the House on the Embankment (there are 25 in total). The mascot of the upcoming US Olympics is named Powder. One of the translations of this word is powder, dust. The 65-day Olympic torch marathon across the United States will cost $25 million. The path of the Olympic flame across the United States is laid through 46 states. Olympic medals in Salt Lake City will be the heaviest in the history of the Games - they will weigh 690 grams. the first ancient Olympiad took place in 776 BC, and the last in 393 AD. the longest break between the Olympics was 1503 years. That is how much time has passed between the last Olympiad of antiquity and the first modern Olympiad (1896). The Olympics that took place in Sydney (2000) can be considered the 320th in a row, if we take into account the 293 Olympics held in antiquity. In 1906, an additional (unscheduled) Olympics was held in Athens to commemorate the 10th anniversary of the revival of the Olympic movement. The 1936 Olympic Games were opened by Adolf Hitler. The first modern Olympic Games were to be held in Paris in 1900. Such a solution was presented as early as 1894, but the organizers did not wait so long and decided to hold the first Olympics in 1896 in the homeland of the Olympic movement. On January 4, 1980, US President Jimmy Carter announced a boycott of the Olympic Games in Moscow in connection with the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan. As a result, French became the official language of the Games, and fewer participants came to the competition. Because of the American boycott of the Moscow Olympics, the circulation of the Soviet magazine America, dedicated to the American Olympic team, was destroyed. the decision to alternate the summer and winter games was made in 1986. This allowed for even distribution of work, costs and interest in the Games over four years. Do not be surprised, but cashew nuts Anacardium occidentale L. (Kazhu, kazhu, Anacardium orientalis) belongs to the same family as mangoes and pistachios - to Sumakhov. Cashews were first discovered in the Amazon, and from there later (16th century) they were brought to most countries of Southeast Asia and Africa. Cooking-Book.RU / Library / Nut (cooking-book.ru/ library/oreh/) Long before the pecan was cultivated, and this happened only in 1824, the nut was part of the daily diet of the Indians, who appreciated not only the excellent taste of pecan, reminiscent of the taste of a walnut, but also high calorie content: 100 g contains 736 kcal. Cooking-Book.RU / Library / Walnut (cooking-book.ru/ library/oreh/) Agaran - among the Turkmens, cream from camel milk. Cooking-Book.RU / Culinary Dictionary (cooking-book.ru/ dictionary/) Bulimia - indomitable gluttony - is of two types. The first - bulimia nervosa - overtakes its victim at the age of 25-30 years. A painfully sensitive, anxious person calms down by chewing something. Initially, they eat when stressed, then stress is no longer required: any discomfort causes cravings for food. The second type of bulimia usually overtakes girls in puberty. As a rule, this age is generally characterized by alternating periods of brutal appetite with periods of no feeling of hunger, as well as sharp jumps in weight. These quick drops and weight gains just distract from the problem: the girl does not worry when her appetite overcomes her, because it is easy for her to lose weight. She quietly overeats, then loses weight, then again surrenders to the will of her appetite. Harbor of beauty and health In the US alone, there are 10 million women of school and college age with bulimia and about one million such men. Up to 50% of women and a quarter of men are constantly on a diet. Cognac The double distillation method used today was discovered in the XNUMXth century as a result of an exotic experiment in the spirit of the late Middle Ages. According to one of the legends, Chevalier Jacques de la Croix-Marron, Charente alchemist, in search of the fifth element of quintessence, waiting for the production of gold, thought of passing grape alcohol through a distillation apparatus for the second time. But instead of the secret of the philosopher's stone, he found one of the main secrets of cognac: double distillation made alcohol stronger, purer and softer in taste. Bordeaux is a drink for boys, port is for men, but whoever dreams of being a hero must drink brandy. The English writer Samuel Johnson probably had cognac in mind when he wrote these lines in 1799 - at least it was cognac that by that time had become the most recognized and revered brandy in Europe. For the production of one standard bottle (0,7 liters) of cognac category VS, approximately 4,2 kg is required. grapes, for VSOP - already 5,5 kg., and for 50-year-old cognac - at least 12 kg. Cognac spirits are aged in oak barrels, which cannot prevent the alcohol from evaporating. For 12 years, only six of ten barrels of cognac spirit remain, and for 50 years these losses amount to 50%. It is estimated that up to 50 hectoliters of alcohol evaporate each year in the Cognac region. This amount would be enough to produce 18-22 million bottles of cognac! This peculiar tax of heaven in the region is rather poetically called the share of angels. The age of spirits is determined solely by the number of years they spent in the barrel. Being poured into glass vessels, that is, protected from oxygen and oak wood enzymes, alcohol and cognac practically do not change. That is, cognac, made in 1980 from spirits that were aged in a barrel for three years and then bottled, has and will always have an age of 3 years. Almost any cognac is an assemblage of spirits, whose residence time in barrels is not the same. The official age of cognac is determined by the youngest of the components. The age of cognacs of quality ***, or, what is the same, VS, is 4-7 years. The designation VSOP implies an average exposure within 6-12 years, Napoleon - 10-20, XO - 20-30, and Extra - 25-40 and more. Very good skate years: 1899, 1929, 1937, 1939, 1946, 1947, 1948, 1957, 1964. Bad years: - 1934, 1936, 1945, 1949, 1959, 1960, 1963, 1965, 1966 1968, 1972, XNUMX. Sommelier (sommelier) is a French word that has no analogues in either English or Russian, and therefore it requires explanation. According to the definition proposed by Georges Pertuiset, President of the Union of Sommeliers of France, a sommelier is a person responsible for serving drinks in a restaurant, giving advice on the choice of wines and drinks, serving them or supervising their serving to the client until the moment when he leaves the hall. Russian Sommelier Association (sommelier.ru/ ) The brain is the most protected organ of the human body. He alone is enclosed in a bone box. There are three layers of protection around the brain: the skin, the skull, and special membranes called the meninges, which also cover the spinal cord. Small Medical Encyclopedia Louis Armstrong is impossible to hear in his prime. Until the age of thirty, he did not record, and his music, according to eyewitnesses, was especially brilliant in his youth. J.S. Bach had 11 children. In the manufacture of red wines, whole grapes are used for fermentation, in the manufacture of white wines only juice is used, and in the manufacture of pink wines, the skins of the grapes are removed when the fermentation process begins, this gives the wine a pink hue. The camera obscura is a dark room, but not a room. As a rule, it was a dark box, large enough to stand in, a small hole was made in one wall, a lens was inserted into it. Light enters through the hole, and an image of what is outside appears on the opposite wall. These samples could be copied. In the XNUMXth century, the camera obscura became the means (and often the main one!) used by artists to achieve realism in their works. The camera obscura appeared long before Leonardo da Vinci designed his own version. But whoever invented it, this person laid the foundation for the invention of photography. The first manufactory producing woven carpets with picturesque images was set up in a Parisian house that had previously belonged to a certain Gobelin. Hence the name of such carpets. Do you know? Lyubimtsev V.V., 1995 William Shakespeare, who served as a sworn playwright at the London Globe Theatre, often had to work to a fairly tight deadline - he was constantly craving something new. Hence the presence in his work among the masterpieces and frankly unsuccessful plays, at least uninteresting to the modern public (King John, Two Veronians, Timon of Athens). And the very first experience of Shakespeare Titus Andronicus resembles the plot of an ordinary gangster film. P.I. Tchaikovsky was married for exactly eleven weeks. More than 70% of Russians consider themselves Orthodox, while only 9,4% of these people are really Orthodox. Such data based on the results of a survey in 41 regions of Russia was provided to the correspondent of IA Rosbalt by the president of the ROMIR group of companies Elena Bashkirova. According to her, the survey shows that of those who identify themselves as Orthodox, only 51,3% believe in the existence of God. Another 26,1% believe in the existence of a spirit, higher power or mind. 5,2% do not believe in the existence of God at all, and 17,4% found it difficult to answer. Rosbalt, 31/01/2002 (rosbalt.ru/index.php?cn=33987) In 1866, a book by I. M. Sechenov was published: Reflexes of the brain, in which the scientist materialistically explained mental processes. The Metropolitan of St. Petersburg demanded that the author be exiled for humility and correction to the Solovetsky Monastery. The matter was limited to the fact that the book was not allowed for sale for a year. Shatsky E. Terror of the Russian Orthodox Church (atheism.ru/library/Shacky_1.phtml) Whiskey is a masculine drink. Remember the joke about one coffee and one roll? Whiskey is about the same story. In most Russian periodicals, for some reason, it is believed that whiskey is of a middle kind. And the consumer (who, as you know, is always right), ordering whiskey at a bar, asks for one Scotch, one Bourbon, one Jameson, one Chivas Regal, one Jack Daniels, or just one whiskey. MAGAZINE 2000. Gourmet: a delightful thing (2000-online.ru/archive/november00/gourmet/right.asp) The quality and degree of cognac aging is recognized by legally controlled inscriptions on the label. Three stars, or VS, means the cognac has been aged in barrels for at least two years. The inscriptions VSOP., Vieux, VO and Reserve indicate that the cognac has been aged in barrels for at least four years, the designations VVSOP and Grand Reserve mean that the cognac has been aged for at least five years. Cognac with Extra, Napoleon, XO, Tres Vieux and Vieille Reserve marks is aged from six to ten years in oak barrels. Peter Bormann. Cocktails from all over the world. 1993/1997 (levingston.ru/content/cognac.html)
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