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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
Mirror making. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes Here are the recipes mirror making. Immersion silvering of mirrors Prepare three solutions: 1st solution: Reducing agent. This solution can be prepared in advance, since the more it costs, the better it works. In 1 liter of boiling distilled water dissolve 11 g of tartaric acid and 95 g of ordinary lump sugar. After cooling, 200 ml of wine alcohol 90 ° are added to the solution. 2st solution: Dissolve in 1 liter of distilled water 40 g of nitrogen-silver salt. 3st solution: Dissolve 1% potassium hydroxide in 95 liter of distilled water. It should be mentioned that silver liquids must be handled with some care, since if a reducing agent (solution No. 1) is not quickly poured into a solution of caustic potash mixed with an ammonia solution of silver nitrate, an explosion may result. Silvering mirrors Take 1 part of solution No. 2, pour it into a glass beaker (jar) of such a size that it takes up less than half of the jar, after which pure ammonia is added dropwise to the solution. After each drop, the solution is stirred with a glass rod. At first the solution becomes cloudy, but after stirring it clears up. Ammonia should be added so much that, after stirring, the solution, although it would be light, would still give off some turbidity, sometimes even slightly colored. After that, the same amount of solution No. 3 is immediately poured into the glass, which makes the mixture dirty with a thick precipitate, which must be destroyed by adding dropwise ammonia until the mixture becomes almost light. It should be noted that an excess of ammonia spoils the work and that the presence of fine powder in the mixture in a glass does not harm the silvering of mirrors. The resulting mixture should be poured into the bath. At the same time, you should thoroughly clean the glass, first with cotton wool soaked in nitric acid, after which the glass is rinsed under the tap and wiped again with the same cotton wool soaked in a solution of caustic potassium. Then the glass is rinsed again under the tap and heated in distilled water at approximately 30-35 °C, since silver adheres more easily to a heated surface. The wet edges of the glass are carefully wiped dry. When the glass is completely ready, add 1 part of the reducing agent (solution No. 1) to the bath and vigorously stir the mixture of three solutions obtained in the bath until the composition is completely homogeneous. Then the heated and absolutely clean glass is carefully immersed, first with one end, and then, tilting the entire mirror, on which silver immediately begins to deposit. The entire silvering process lasts 10-15 minutes. After which the mirror is taken out, washed with a wide stream of water under the tap and placed to dry on its edge in a place absolutely protected from dust. After drying (hour 4), the mirror is wiped dry and completely clean with suede or also with absolutely clean cotton wool with very small (elubricated) crocus. During this rubbing (polishing), the mirror should not be breathed, which is why it should be kept away from the face. Polishing should be done with smooth circular motions, pressing rather vigorously on the silver. With this polishing (with crocus), various cloudy and yellow spots that appear on the mirror immediately after silvering disappear without any trace. Silver plating according to the Heinrichson method Prepare the following two solutions. 1st solution: Dissolve 90 g of Rochelle salt in 0,375 g of boiling distilled water by shaking and filter through filter paper. In another bowl, dissolve 0,375 g of silver nitrogen salt (lapis) in 30 g of boiling distilled water. Both solutions are poured together into a glass flask, heated to boiling and filtered through filter paper; water is added to the filtered liquid until 120 cm3 of solution is obtained. This solution should be clear and slightly yellowish-brown in color. 2st solution: 0,934% nitrogen-silver salt is dissolved by shaking in 30 cm3 of water and ammonia is added dropwise from a dropper until the solution turns cloudy gray. Approximately 24-25 drops will be required for this. After that, the solution is passed through transfer paper and distilled water is added until a volume of 120 cm3 is obtained. Making mirrors Before aiming a mirror layer, it is necessary to thoroughly clean the glass. It is better to clean the glass with a concentrated soda solution using a soft cloth, and then rub it with a fine powder of lime carbonate. Then the glass is washed with warm water and wiped dry with a soft canvas or paper rag. After wetting one side of this glass with cold distilled water, carefully wipe the wet edges of the glass dry. Then put the glass wet side up on a horizontal table and carefully pour on it a mixture of equal parts of the above solutions. To cover a glass plate with a size of 17x22 cm, only 45 g of a mixture of solutions No. 1 and 2 is required. The deposition of metallic silver on the glass lasts 15-20 minutes. After this time, draining the liquid from the glass, allow the silver layer to dry for three hours. To protect the thin silver layer from damage, a thin layer of oil paint from boiled linseed oil and red lead is applied to it with a soft hair brush. If it is desirable to obtain a thicker silver layer on the glass, immediately after draining the liquid from the glass, pour a new mixture of the same solutions. A mirror made by this method does not have any stains and differs little from expensive mirrors prepared by the mercury method. Silver plating by Martin's method Prepare four solutions: 1st solution: 10 g of nitrogen-silver salt are dissolved in 283 g of distilled water. 2st solution: 25,5 g of nitrogen ammonium salt are dissolved in 283 g of distilled water. 3st solution: 28,3 g of caustic potassium is dissolved in 283 g of distilled water. 4st solution: 14,2 g of pure refined sugar is dissolved in 142 g of distilled water, 1,73 g of tartaric acid is added, boiled for 10 minutes, after which 283 g of distilled water and 28,5 g of alcohol are added. Glass must be completely clean, for which it is wiped with purified chalk and ammonia, thoroughly wiped and polished with jewelry powder using suede. Particular attention should be paid to glass cleaning. Do not touch the polished glass surface with your hands. The solution for silvering is prepared as follows. Mix equal volumes of solutions 1 and 2, and separately mix equal parts of solutions 3 and 4. Both mixtures are poured together and poured into a silver bath. The glass is in the bath for about an hour. When the glass is covered with a layer of silver, it is removed, excess liquid is drained, dried and covered with asphalt varnish. Silver plating according to the Mikhailovsky method Prepare two solutions. 1st solution: Dissolve 15 g of Rochelle salt in 2400 cm3 of distilled water and add a solution of 12 g of silver nitrogen salt (lapis) in 480 cm3 of distilled water. Heat to boiling and filter. 2st solution: Dissolve 20% nitrogen-silver salt (lapis) in 480 g of distilled water, add ammonia dropwise until the precipitate formed at the beginning dissolves again and the liquid becomes transparent, after which another 3-5 g of lapis is added to make the liquid cloudy, add 2 cm400 of distilled water and filter. Mix equal parts of the above solutions and apply them with a sponge to a glass moistened with distilled water. An even distribution of the liquid on the glass can be achieved by raising and lowering the edge of the glass. After 15-20 minutes, the excess liquid is drained and the glass is left in a horizontal position until it dries. Silver plating according to the Edel method Prepare two solutions. 1st solution: 30 g of nitrogen-silver salt are dissolved in 240 g of distilled water, and ammonia is carefully added to this solution until the formed brown precipitate dissolves again. Next, the solution is passed through a double paper filter and distilled water is added until a total solution of 480 cm3 is obtained. The addition of ammonia is done as carefully as possible. The solution is stored in a dark and cool place. 2st solution: Dissolve 0,75 g of Rochelle salt in 300 g of distilled water, heat to a boil, add 0,166 g of silver nitrogen salt, stir with a glass rod and boil for 10-15 minutes until the solution turns gray. Filter and add distilled water to obtain a volume of 480 cm3 of the entire liquid. The solution is kept in a glass container in a cool dark place. Before use, mix equal parts of solutions No. 1 and No. 2 (50 cm3 each). Double the amount of water (200 cm3) is added, the mixture is immediately poured onto the previously cleaned glass and left until the separation of metallic silver. Drain excess liquid, allow the mirror to dry and cover with asphalt varnish. Poured silvering requires fewer solutions and is therefore more economical than dip silvering. During the silvering process, care must be taken that the formed turbidity would not be deposited on the glass and would not interfere with the deposition of the silver layer. Silver plating by the combined Betger-Bonesh method Prepare four solutions. 1st solution: 20 g of nitrogen-silver salt are dissolved in 100 cm3 of distilled water. 2st solution: 80 cm3 of solution No. 1 is diluted in 9000 cm3 of distilled water and then 100 drops of 10% ammonia are added. 3st solution: 10 g of Rochelle's salt are dissolved in 500 cm3 of distilled water. 4st solution: 90 cm3 of solution No. 3 is diluted with 900 cm3 of water and boiled in a glass dish. During boiling, 20 cm3 of solution No. 1 are added dropwise to it, as a result of which the entire liquid turns black. The liquid is boiled for some time and thus a solution containing silver tartar salt is obtained. Equal volumes of liquids No. 2 and No. 4 are carefully filtered and then poured into a silvering bath (cuvette), into which a well-cleaned glass is then lowered. After 10 minutes, decomposition of the composition begins to occur, with the liquid turning black, and metallic silver is released and deposited on the glass. Heat and sunlight speed up the process of silver deposition on glass. Then the mirror is taken out of the bath, rinsed with clean water, dried and varnished. Large glasses are difficult to fit into bathtubs; in this case, the glass is placed on the lid of a box heated with hot water or steam, and liquid is poured onto the glass with a layer of 2-3 mm. Making mirrors according to the Lumiere method According to this method, the reducing agent is formaldehyde in the form of an aqueous solution (formalin). Prepare two solutions. 1st solution: 4 g of nitrogen-silver salt are dissolved in 75 cm3 of distilled water and ammonia is added dropwise until the first precipitate formed dissolves. 250 cm3 of water are added to the resulting solution. 2st solution: Accurately measure 12 cm3 of formalin of an ordinary commercial strength (40%). Solutions 1 and 2 are quickly mixed, poured into a cuvette, and the wet glass is immediately lowered into it. At the end of silvering, the mirror is washed in running water under a tap, rinsed with distilled water and dried. The dried mirror can be polished in the usual way with the help of a suede cushion with the finest crocus powder. Making mirrors according to the Brozet method Prepare two solutions. 1st solution: In 500 g of distilled water, dissolve 100 g of nitrogen-silver salt and add 60 g of ammonia (32%). 2st solution: 30 g of tartaric acid are dissolved in 7,5 g of distilled water. Solution No. 1 is added dropwise to solution No. 2, mixed and poured onto the glass surface. After 15 minutes, the liquid is drained from the glass, the glass is washed with water, and a layer of the liquid composed according to the above method is poured again, and tartaric acid is taken in double quantity. After 25 minutes, the liquid is drained, the mirror is thoroughly washed with water and dried. Making mirrors according to the Barton method Prepare four solutions. 1st solution: 2,5 g of nitrogen-silver salt are dissolved in 50 g of distilled water. 2st solution: 26 g of caustic potassium is dissolved in 50 g of distilled water. 3th solution: Solutions No. 1 and 2 are mixed in equal amounts and ammonia is added dropwise until the separated precipitate dissolves again, after which another solution No. 1 is added so that the mixture becomes colorless. 4st solution: Take 50 g of refined sugar, 200 g of water and 2 cm3 of nitric acid. Boil for 10 minutes to invert sugar, after which 200 cm3 of alcohol and 1,5 liters of distilled water are added. For silvering, take 100 cm3 of solution No. 3 and 10-12 cm3 of solution No. 4, Solution No. 4 should be prepared for the future, as it improves with long-term storage. Solution No. 3 after preparation should be immediately put into action. Care must be taken when using this recipe, as this recipe contains caustic potassium. Making new mirrors using the mercury method To prepare mirrors using the mercury method, you need to use completely pure mercury. To clean mercury from dirt and dust, it is passed through a special suede filter. Tin is used in the form of the finest foil of the best quality. The foil should be a brilliant silver color and be completely intact. If you hold it against the light, then no holes or cracks should be visible. The thickness of the used foil is taken depending on the size of the mirror. For large mirrors, a thicker foil is taken. The surface of the foil must not be oxidized, as in this case the mercury does not form an amalgam with the tin. The glass is placed on a cloth-covered table and thoroughly cleaned from dust and grease. Clean with a soft cloth in the usual way. Then polish with a soft paper rag, turn over and clean the other side in the same way. The surface intended for aiming remains lying up. Next, a bream is installed in a strictly horizontal position (a special well-polished stone slab for aiming) and the foil is unfolded on it. The dimensions of the foil must be 15 mm larger than the dimensions of the glass. Iron the foil so that there is not a single fold on it, and that the foil fits snugly against the bream. Then pour a little mercury on it and rub the entire surface of the foil with a cloth pad so that it looks like polished. Pour as much mercury onto tin foil as can be placed on the foil without causing overflow. For glass with a size of 1 m2, it is necessary to use 20-30 kg of mercury. To remove the slightest traces of dust from the glass, an unfolded piece of cloth is placed in front of the bream so that the glass falls on the foil after it has passed over the cloth. The glass is slowly pushed in, making sure that the front longitudinal edge is under the mercury surface. As the glass slides in, excess mercury is removed. The glass is loaded with weights and the breams give a slight slope, which, however, is quite sufficient for the mercury to drain. The glass remains motionless in this position for at least 24 hours so that the tip can be fixed. Then the glass is carefully removed and placed on a drying shelf, which has the form of a horizontal rotating frame, and placed with the pointed side up and give it a slightly greater slope than that of the bream. The slope is gradually increased and eventually brought to an almost vertical state. In this state, the mirror remains for three weeks. During operation, part of the mercury gets on the floor, on the drying rack, etc. and, of course, becomes contaminated. This mercury is collected in a special leather bag and squeezed thoroughly. The rest of the mercury in the bag, as well as the tin amalgam obtained by removing the pickup from old mirrors, is distilled in iron or clay retorts, the mercury being distilled and the tin remaining in the retort. Author: Korolev V.A.
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