Soaps from fatty and naphthenic acids. simple recipes

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Soaps from fatty and naphthenic acids. Simple recipes and tips

Factory technologies - simple recipes

Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes

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Since the use in the soap industry of the method of splitting fats (autoclave, enzymatic, contact, etc.), in addition to fats, raw materials also serve as raw materials. fatty acid. Saponification of fatty acids is carried out with carbonic alkalis. Among the fatty acids, soap making previously had at its disposal only liquid olein, obtained as a by-product during stearin production. It is most correct to saponify olein with caustic lye at 24-25 °Be or, even better, with soda at 30 °Be or with a solution of potash at 20-22 °Be.

For the preparation of soda soaps, the highest content of solid fatty acids in olein is advantageous, since this makes it possible to use smaller amounts of solid fat for making soap. For the preparation of smooth liquid soaps, on the contrary, it is necessary to prefer the lowest possible melting olein in order to avoid crystalline phenomena in the soap mass. The use of distillate olein alone for making soaps is not recommended, since the yield is low and, in addition, the resulting soaps do not have sufficient viscosity. Sodium soaps obtained from saponified olein, on the contrary, are strong, homogeneous and have a peculiar smell.

Olein is mainly used for making soaps used in the textile industry, as well as for the production of washing and soap powders. Olein is also used in combination with tallow, bone fat, bleached palm oil for the preparation of ordinary heart soaps, and soaps are obtained that have quite satisfactory washing power and foaminess. Currently, in addition to olein, other fatty acids are increasingly used, which are found on foreign markets under various names, obtained from the above-mentioned waste products and usually containing a greater or lesser amount of unsaponifiable impurities. In our conditions, the use of naphthenic acids for the production of soap is important. Naphthenic acids are a by-product in the oil refining industry.

When using fatty acids for making soap, one should pay attention to the fact that very often soaps obtained from fatty acids darken later, easily become spotted. This is due to the storage of fatty acids in iron barrels, cisterns, etc., and some of the iron is dissolved and causes the above disadvantages. Therefore, before using fatty acids for making soap, it is highly recommended to thoroughly wash them with a solution of hydrochloric acid with slight heating in order to remove iron in this way. The production of soaps from fatty acids is based on their ability to displace carbonic acid from soda and potash and take its place, and the alkaline base of soda and potash - sodium and potassium - combine with fatty acid to form soap.

The method of cooking soap from fatty acids and carbonic alkalis did not immediately enter the technique, as it needed to be developed. The peculiarity of this method is that, in contrast to working with neutral fats, it is necessary to add not lye to fatty acid, but acid to lye. Then, due to the abundant release of carbon dioxide, the soap swells strongly, and therefore a lot of free space must be left in the boiler. Finally, commercial fatty acids always contain an admixture of neutral fat, which must be saponified with caustic alkali.

Because of all this, carbonate saponification is carried out as follows. An absolutely accurately calculated amount of carbonic alkali, no matter whether it is soda ash or potash, is first dissolved in a double amount of water, then 10-15% of table salt is added and heated in a boiler to a boil. Continuously maintaining the boiling of this solution, the previously melted fatty acid is poured into it. The fatty acid immediately combines with the alkali, forming a strong foam and swelling the contents of the boiler, so the flow of fatty acid must be controlled so that the soap does not overflow the boiler.

At particularly critical moments, the influx of fatty acids is completely stopped. It is especially easy for soap to overflow over the edge of the boiler at the end of cooking. But once the fatty acid residue has been saponified, the swelling of the soap is markedly reduced. Despite this, it is necessary to continue boiling for a long time to allow all the carbonic acid to escape. Soap at this time becomes more and more heavy and begins to gradually fall off. When it finally lies in the cauldron and no longer swells, the necessary amount of caustic lye is added to saponify the neutral fat contained in the fatty acid. After the addition of lye, the normal boiling immediately sets in again, and the soap becomes sticky and finally liquid. Now it can be adjusted to "alkalinity" and then handled in the usual way, as with neutral fat soap, i.e., salt it out, grind it, etc.

Carbonate saponification is not recommended for making liquid soaps for economic reasons. When preparing liquid soaps from fatty acids, proceed as follows. For every 100 kg of fatty acids, take 40 kg of caustic lye at 50 °Be and, depending on the time of year, in the case of cooking natural sound soap, 10-12 kg of calcined potash. After the lye is heated to a boil, fatty acid is gradually added, and immediate saponification is obtained. The soap can be sanded like neutral fat soap.

Author: Korolev V.A.

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