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FACTORY TECHNOLOGIES AT HOME - SIMPLE RECIPES
Soap brew. Simple recipes and tips
Directory / Factory technology at home - simple recipes Soap making process can be broken down into the following steps:
Cooking soap glue Saponification of fats is carried out in most cases by means of cooking, but some neutral fats: palm kernel oil, coconut oil, flaxseed oil, bean oil, etc. can be saponified with caustic lye and at a temperature lower than the cooking temperature. This method is called semi-hot saponification. The cold method of making soaps is also used. A beginner soap maker often confuses the initial emulsification of fats that occurs in alkaline solutions with real saponification of those, but with a certain practice, he quickly learns to determine whether saponification has occurred, that is, the combination of fats with alkali, or whether only an emulsion is obtained, which is a simple mixture that decays to its components during long periods of inactivity. When saponifying neutral fats, the strength of the lye is extremely important, since most fats are easily saponified only when weak liquors are used at the beginning of the boil, which are strengthened already in the process of cooking. Most businesses now operate on steam, even with direct-fired boilers. When cooking with live (direct) steam, stronger liquors are taken due to their dilution due to condensation of steam and the addition of water to soap. Water enters the soap in varying amounts depending on the operation of high or low pressure steam, saturated or superheated, so that the strength of the lye must be adjusted in each case. Indirect steam (in the form of a steam jacket) is used only for cooking in relatively small boilers, since in large boilers with such steam, complete cooking is not achieved. The fact is that in large boilers with double walls, soap is boiled only near the walls and, when heated by a coil, near the steam pipes of the coil. Indirect steam is very useful in the manufacture of toilet soaps, semi-hot soaps and adhesive soaps in small cauldrons. Recently, attempts have been made to raise the temperature of the steam by means of superheaters built into the steam boiler. This is especially useful when it is necessary to pass steam through long steam pipes or when there is not enough steam to make the amount of soap available. Such superheated steam condenses more weakly, and cooking is accelerated under the influence of its high temperature. In addition, superheating the steam saves fuel. When using direct steam, it is released into the cooking kettle through an open, properly installed pipeline. For a boiler with a capacity of up to 5 kg of soap, it is sufficient if the pipeline ends in a flange in the bottom of the boiler with holes spirally located on this flange, allowing steam to spread in the boiler in all directions. The total area of all these openings must not exceed the area of the internal section of the steam pipe. Several steam pipelines are brought to large boilers, the mouths of which are located one above the other and at some distance from each other. In addition, it turned out to be very suitable to connect to the bottom of the boiler a simple, completely open pipe at the bottom, with the help of which the soap maker can always boil the entire contents of the boiler, without simultaneous swelling of the soap. This straight piping is also useful when sanding or salting out soap. Bare-fire cooking is practiced only in small factories. For boiling soap on a bare fire, malleable iron cauldrons are best suited. Usually boilers are made conical, with the upper diameter equal to its height, and the lower one - 2/3 of the upper diameter. For saponification of 50 kg of fat, a boiler capacity of 400-500 liters is required. Exhaust pipes are usually built into the bottom of the boiler. When cooking over naked heat, a stirrer is needed. This stirrer usually consists of 4 blades rotating around one common axis. When the soap mass rises high, the stirrer is set in motion, driven by a crank handle. Such agitators are unnecessary when heated with steam. To increase the foaming ability, 10% castor oil or the same amount of sulfonated castor oil is added to fats. The amount of foam increases from the admixture of rosin. The addition of potassium soap to sodium soap also leads to an increase in the foaminess of the soap. When cooking soap, different types of fats require different concentrations of alkali, as well as different cooking times and temperatures. The amount of caustic alkalis required for saponification is taken depending on the saponification coefficient of the fat. The saponification coefficient indicates the number of mg of caustic potash, which is necessary for the saponification of one particular fat or oil. In the recipes below, the approximate amount of caustic alkalis required is indicated, since the same fats often have a saponification coefficient that lies in rather wide limits. To approximate the amount of caustic soda required for saponification of fats, you need to multiply the number of kilograms of fats intended for saponification by 20 and divide the resulting number by the number of degrees of Baume strength with which you are supposed to work. So, for example, we need to calculate how much 40 °Be sodium hydroxide solution is needed to saponify 30 kg of coconut oil. To do this, the amount of pollinated fat in kilograms (30 kg) is multiplied by 20 and divided by 40 (strength of the solution). For example, (30x20)/40 = 15. Thus, to saponify 30 tons of coconut oil with a solution of caustic soda with a strength of 40 ° Be, 15 kg of solution is required. Soap Glue Fix This operation aims to completely saponify the unsaponified part of the fat by adding alkali or, in the case of an excess of alkali, by adding fat. Soap salting out Salting of soap from soap glue is done to separate the soap core from excess water and glycerin. Salting is carried out either with table salt alone, or with a mixture of table salt and strong caustic lye. To determine the amount of salt required for salting out soaps, take a small amount of soap glue in a glass beaker and add a weighed amount of salt until the soap is isolated. Salting is considered complete if the soap in the form of a "core" floats on the surface, and the soap liquor is transparent and applied to the glass surface remains liquid. If the mass thickens, you need to add more salt. According to the amount of salt taken for the trial salting out, the required amount for salting out all the soap is determined. Trial salting out can be done in small boilers. Serious attention should be paid to salting, since with incomplete salting, part of the soap remains in solution and is unproductively lost. Coconut soaps do not salt out as they are soluble in saline. When potassium soaps are salted out with table salt, another process occurs: the sodium of the table salt takes the place of the potassium of the soap, and as a result, sodium solid soap and cadium chloride are obtained. This process is used to obtain sodium soaps by saponification with caustic potash. Grinding (polishing) and soap filling These operations are intended to increase the amount of water in the soap, to give it a smooth appearance, and also to introduce filling agents. After salting, the soapy liquor is drained, after which water, dilute lye and filling substances are added. Soap molding After salting and polishing, the finished soap is poured into molds. In large factories, this operation is performed by special pumps. The solidification of soap occurs depending on the size and capacity of the form. After hardening, the soap is cut into pieces using special machines. Toilet soaps are molded using a press. A simple device for cutting soap bars by hand using a thin rope is easy to do yourself. Author: Korolev V.A.
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