Orientation in the forest and taiga. Tourist tips

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Orientation in the forest and taiga. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

Как navigate in the forest?

Having lost your way in the forest, it is most reliable to return in your footsteps to the starting point of walking and navigate again, if this cannot be done, then you need to go to any linear landmark. If there is a river in the forest, the location of the river system is known, the road, the clearing, the direction of which is known, you can take them as landmarks, using for this the azimuth of a roughly defined perpendicular to the chosen landmark. In general, moving down the river, in the end you will come to human habitation.

Once on the trail, you need to carefully examine it. A branch beats in the face, in the chest, you have to leave the path: it is bestial and will not lead to human habitation.

Movement through the forest takes place along the intended route (without leaving to the sides) mainly in a chain with a gap of 3-4 meters from each other to avoid being hit by a tree branch, pulled back when moving ahead.

To move along the route. It is necessary to notice on it and beyond it, roads, paths, clearings, rivers, streams, tall trees, other noticeable landmarks, and in their absence, make an ax on the trees, other notes on the passing path, broken tree branches, stones, make earthen koptsy, leave notes in prominent places.

Being in the forest, it is necessary all the time to clearly imagine the sides of the horizon and the direction of movement.

When moving in the forest, it is necessary to imagine your location all the time, that is, to remember, if possible, your path, noticing objects along the way that can serve as landmarks,

Upturned stump, fallen tree, clearings, roads and their intersections, rivers, streams and their characteristic bends, crossings, and flow directions, clearly visible landforms (cliffs, saddle tops, mounds, pits, steep rocks) clearings, areas of bushes, burnt areas , light forests, swamps, narrowed passages between obstacles, sharp folds of relief, swamps, lakes, forest blockages and other obstacles should be bypassed.

It is useful to know that the wind in the forest at a distance of 100-200 meters from the edge is almost not felt; in summer it is colder in the forest than in the field, and warmer in winter; cooler during the day and warmer at night. Post in the forest freezes to a deeper depth than in the field. Snow in the forest melts 2-3 weeks later than in the open.

You should also pay attention to the grass, which in spring on the northern outskirts of the glades is denser than on the southern ones. If we take separately standing trees, stumps,. pillars, large stones, here, on the contrary, the grass grows thicker from the south of them, and from the north it stays fresh longer in the hot season.

In the forest near the stumps, as well as in the swamps near the hummocks on the south side, which heats up more strongly, the berries of lingonberries, blueberries, cloudberries, blueberries, cranberries ripen earlier than on the north side. On an open forest site, berries and fruits during the ripening period acquire color earlier on the south side. So north will be in the opposite direction.

Some animals, such as squirrels, build their dwellings, taking into account the prevailing wind direction.

Mushrooms prefer to be located on the north side of a tree, stump, shrub. For example. Crowded gray mushrooms grew on aspen stump - rows. Four hats stretch as if from one trunk, and, which is especially characteristic, they all grow on the north side of the stump, this is also confirmed by dense green, like velvet, moss on this side.

Ryzhik flocks pour out from the first days of August in spruce and pine forests, especially in the thick of young growth. At the same time, red mushrooms usually grow in the same place from year to year, for example, under the same spruce, located from the tree in the north and up to half of its eastern and western sides. To the south of the tree, if there are mushrooms, then their color is already greenish - blue. The surface of the mushrooms is rough, dried up, although the root and cap on the break are also red and juicy ...

Mushroom usually settles on the stumps of other rotting remains of the tree. The ends of the mycelium come out. At night, the ends of the rhizomophores (myceliums) glow. You are walking in the forest silence at night along the route passed during the day, and suddenly small spots of white flickering phosphoric light stand out brightly in the darkness, which are a kind of light beacons on the way.

Lichens (mosses) belonging to the genus Cladonia (in the north they are called reindeer moss. Go deer moss) are most often found in forests - white mosses, swamps and in the vegetation cover of the tundra. Darker than the whole lichen, the tips of its branched bushes are always facing the server. If you go to the north, the light gray surface of the moss cover will have a dark patina; moving in the opposite direction, you will not notice this raid.

Ants make their homes almost all south of the nearest trees, stumps and bushes. The southern side of the anthill is flatter than the northern one.

A good guide can be the bark of trees, which is usually rougher and darker on the north side than on the south. This is especially noticeable on birch. It is necessary to insure this sign by observing the color of the bark of not one tree, but a group.

After rain, pine trunks usually turn black from the north, which is caused by the fact that a thin secondary crust is developed on the bark, which forms earlier on the shady side of the trunk and goes higher along it than along the southern one. The crust swells and darkens when it rains.

Along the northern side of the smooth trunks of tall pines, dark stripes also extend high up, clearly visible on the lighter part of the trunk. This is due to the stagnation of moisture from the rains, which lasts longer on the north side, the side of the tree that is not lit by the sun.

If there is no rain, but on the contrary, the weather is hot, then the pines can also serve as landmarks in this case. You just need to carefully look at which side of the trunk releases more resin. This side will always be south.

In spring and early summer, when rapid sap flow begins, trees lay large fibers with wide openings and thin walls. In the second half of summer and autumn, wood fibers become compressed, dense - the gaps are narrow, the walls are thick.

Spring wood is light, winter wood is dark.

In March-April, holes are formed around the trunks of separate trees, stumps and poles, elongated in a southerly direction. In spring, on the slopes facing the sun, during the melting of snow, protrusions elongated to the south - "spikes" are formed, separated by recesses, the open part of which is turned to the south.

Before delving into the forest, you should always pay attention to the sun, remember which side it is located on. If the sun is on the right, then when leaving the forest in the same direction, it must be on the left.

If you stay in the forest in the forest for more than an hour, you must remember that due to the rotation of the Earth, the sun seems to have shifted to the right. Therefore, leaving the forest by the sun, if we use it as a guide, we have to additionally deviate to the left by 15 degrees.

Here the main means of orientation is the compass. It is necessary to know in advance the magnitude of the magnetic declination and periodically check the correctness of the compass needle readings on the celestial bodies and planned landmarks on the way, thereby eliminating the line of local magnetic anomalies.

When starting orientation, it is necessary, first of all, to orient the map, that is, to give it such a horizontal position, when all its lines are parallel to the corresponding lines on the ground, the direction on the map drawn from the standing point to any object will coincide with the corresponding direction on the ground .

In the forest, the map is oriented according to the usual compass, applying it to the western or eastern side of the map frame, and, setting it in a horizontal position, turn it along with the compass until the dark end of the arrow (in the absence of declination) is set against the letters. C or (in the presence of declination) against a reference equal to the declination value, taking into account its sign. In these cases, the map is oriented to solve all subsequent tasks.

During the movement in the forest, it is forbidden to smoke, throw burning matches, cigarette butts and knock out hot ash from smoking pipes. Firstly, the smell of tobacco is alien to all forest smells and will betray your presence for several tens of meters. Secondly, you can carelessly cause a forest fire and then run away from it yourself for a long time.

Working in a closed taiga area requires experience with constant attention. In quiet cases, you have to keep in mind the impression of the average direction of movement. On sunny days, poor control is poor between the direction of movement and the sun (or tree shadows)

Moving along the azimuth in a forest, bush or in an area full of small obstacles - pits, dense thickets, fallen trees, blockages, you should go around the obstacles in turn: either to the right or to the left, since when going around only on one side, you can quickly stray from the chosen directions. In addition, here all the landmarks are the same and it is difficult to distinguish them from each other, and the line of visibility ahead is limited to a few meters. Therefore, one participant must go ahead without a compass and serve as a guide for those moving behind him.

On the southern slopes of mountains and hills, the formation of thawed patches occurs the faster, the steeper the slopes. The same thawing can be observed even in the footprints of humans and animals left in the snow.

Unequal development of trees in the forest and in the field.

Out in the open, in the garden, in the field. They have a shorter cone-shaped trunk.

If spore plants - mosses, ferns, horsetails, club mosses, as well as mushrooms - are found in open places, then there was a forest here recently.

If you stay in the forest for more than an hour, you must remember that due to the rotation of the Earth, the Sun seems to fit in to the right. Therefore, leaving the forest according to the Sun, if we use it as a guide, we have to additionally deviate to the left by 15 degrees per hour.

On sunny days, shadows from trees can serve as landmarks; on cloudy days, additional tricks and objects. Mentioned in the previous sections

When moving in the forest, it is necessary to imagine your location all the time, i.e. memorize your path as much as possible, noticing objects along the way that can serve as landmarks, twisted stump, fallen tree, clearings, roads and their intersections, rivers, streams, and their characteristic bends, crossings, and flow directions, clearly visible landforms, ( cliffs, peaks, saddles, hurgans, pits, steep slopes, clearings, clearings, areas of bushes, burnt areas, woodlands, swamps.

Precipitation lingers on deciduous trees about 15%, on pine - about 23-25%, on spruce up to 60%, on fir - 80%.

Navigating in the rainforest is much more difficult than in the temperate forests.

Being in the forest, one must always imagine the sides of the horizon and the direction of movement. Here the main means of orientation is the compass.

You can navigate by clouds moving fast in one direction, which for many hours can be considered unchanged.

In a dense forest, they often orient themselves by climbing a tall tree,

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