The simplest lag. Tourist tips

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The simplest lag. Tourist tips

Tourist tips

Hand log can be done by tying a piece of rope to a piece of wood. The rope should be of such length that there is exactly 50 feet (15,24 m) between the piece of wood and your hand, in which you will hold the other end of the rope. You will also need a watch with a second hand (seconds can be counted silently).

Throw a piece of wood into the water ahead of the course of the ship or upstream of the river so that later it will pass close to you. Start counting the time when the piece of wood is on your line of sight, perpendicular to the axis of the vessel (shore). Count until the rope is fully extended and pulls on your arm.

Using the table below, you can determine the speed of the vessel (river current) in knots (in nautical miles per hour):

Seconds	Nodes
30	1
15	2
10	3
7,5	4
6	5
5	6

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Mobile phones are not associated with brain tumors 09.04.2022

Scientists from the University of Oxford, together with colleagues from the International Agency for Research on Cancer, investigated the question of whether mobile phones are somehow associated with brain and eye tumors. It may seem strange to some that this is still being discussed somewhere. Nevertheless, oncology from a mobile phone remains an indestructible topic that is resurrected every time, as we are informed about the next step forward in telecommunications (now the emergence of 5G, the fifth generation of mobile communications, has turned out to be such a step forward).

In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reported that cell phones can cause brain tumors, but most of the subsequent epidemiological studies did not confirm this, and mobile phones were recognized as safe. But if there is a "majority" of studies, then there is also a "minority" - with different results? Other results here are often related to the fact that for analysis they take the medical history of people who already have a cancer diagnosis. These are so-called retrospective studies, and their problem is that they look where there is light: in principle, there are more people in the world who use mobile phones than those who do not, and guess which of them will be more among those who had a brain tumor.

The authors of the new work acted differently: they performed a prospective study in which they analyzed whether a tumor would appear in the future in initially healthy people. The analysis used medical data from approximately 776 women born between 1935 and 1950. In 2001, they filled out special questionnaires to assess how actively they use their mobile phones, in the sense of how actively they talk on mobile communications when the phone or smartphone is pressed to the head. (Although we all have different days in terms of social saturation, everyone can still estimate how many times a day he or she speaks on the phone on average, how long the conversation lasts on average, etc.) Half of those surveyed in 2001 were surveyed on the same topic of cellular activity again in 2011 to see if there had been any change. And these data were compared with medical information that covered another fourteen years after the second "cellular" survey.

In general, surveys have shown that among older women there are enough of those who do not speak on mobile phones (for example, among those who were from 2011 to 60 in 64, 25% did not talk on mobile phones). In the fourteen years after 2011, of all of them, only 0,42% developed brain tumors - and there was no connection with mobile phones: those who used them had tumors with the same probability as those who used them did not use. In this sense, there were no differences related to the type of tumor or its location, that is, tumors in the temporal parts of the brain did not occur more often than in any other, if again considered in connection with talking on a mobile phone.

True, it is worth clarifying that of those whose data were analyzed in the study, only 18% talked on the phone for more than half an hour a week. So there is still to be explored any special mobile talkers who are ready to talk for hours, and every day. At the same time, with the development of instant messengers, it will certainly not be easy to find a sufficient number of such people. It would also be good to include men in future studies. With regard to age, malignant tumors still develop more often in the elderly than in the young, and, in addition, the connection between brain tumors in children and adolescents has actually already been looked for - and they came up with the same results as now.

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