Sledge Nezhdanovsky. Drawing, description

PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
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Sledge Nezhdanovsky. Personal transport

Personal transport: land, water, air

Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air

It's not a secret for anyone that such a popular transport as motor sledges is of little use when you need to go on a journey through freshly fallen loose snow. "How to reduce the specific pressure of the machine on the ground, while maintaining the main traction characteristics?" - with such a question, enthusiasts of snowmobile equipment from the city of Zlatoust, Chelyabinsk region, and a number of other readers of the magazine turned to the editorial office.

But one of the ways to solve the problem was found by the talented Soviet designer S. S. Nezhdanovsky back in the 10s. Unfortunately, today the snowmobile scheme he developed is known to very, very few.

And yet what is rational never disappears without a trace. Confirmation of this is the motocards created by an amateur designer Yevgeny Miroshin from the Krasnoyarsk Territory, based immediately on 12 (!) skis. Their author did not know about the testing of machines of a similar scheme and came to the pile design on his own. So, today a short digression into history, to the origins of an undeservedly forgotten idea and a story about the original modern snowmobile.

Sledge Nezhdanovsky

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of snowmobiles for the development of the Far North and Siberia. Only motor karts and snowmobiles are able to move confidently across the vast expanses, where even a winter road is a rarity. The main advantage of the snowmobile is the ability to use wide skis with a large contact area. Low specific ground pressure allows these machines to move even on loose fresh snow. Their main drawback is the high fuel consumption due to the use of a propeller as a propeller. Motokarts are more economical when driving on dense ground, but this advantage is lost when driving on loose snow. And here the question arises: is it possible to combine both of these schemes with one vehicle that would have the positive qualities of both! It turns out that the answer to this question has long been known. At the beginning of the century, it was found by a talented engineer-inventor S. S. Nezhdanovsky.

In the first decade of the XNUMXth century, when light and sufficiently powerful internal combustion engines appeared, the prerequisites arose for the creation of vehicles of new types and purposes, including those capable of moving on snow. In those years, on the initiative of Professor N. E. Zhukovsky, near Moscow, in Kuchin, a laboratory was built, equipped with a structure unprecedented for that time - a wind tunnel. Around N. E. Zhukovsky, engineers, designers, enthusiasts of a new science - aerodynamics, rallied. Among them was S. S. Nezhdanovsky.

In the winter of 1903/04, under the leadership of N. E. Zhukovsky, sleds were built for testing propellers. Nezhdanovsky also took an active part in this work. The results of the experiment were encouraging: the car moved perfectly in the snow, overcoming snowdrifts. This is how the world's first snowmobiles were born.

During the tests, Nezhdanovsky drew attention to the fact that the speed of the experimental mechanism varied sharply depending on the state of the snow, air temperature and other external conditions. Having expressed his observations to I. E. Zhukovsky, he, together with V. P. Vetchinkim, began to study the process of sliding skids on snow. As a result, it was possible to derive a number of formulas for determining the dependence of the change in resistance to movement on snow on the load and the location of the center of gravity. These conclusions made it possible to determine the optimal dimensions and parameters of support skis, and the data obtained soon found wide application in the design of snowmobiles.

Structural scheme of the mover (click to enlarge): 1 - snowmobile frame, 2 - support ski, 3 - driven sprocket of the front axle, 4 - drive wheel, 5 - grouser, 6 - cheeks-links of the drive chain, 7 - transfer case, 8 - drive transfer box sprocket, 9 - roller chain, 10 - intermediate shaft driven sprocket, 11 - intermediate shaft, 12, 13 - intermediate shaft drive sprockets (for driving the front and rear shafts), 14 - bearing units

The experience gained as a result of decades of research has enabled Nezhdanovsky to design a snowmobile of his own design, with exceptionally high traction characteristics. On February 24, 1914, it was tested on the Khodynka field, which was also attended by I. E. Zhukovsky. The designer himself brought to the measured distance the car, which he called a snowmobile with a "ski chain propulsion".

The results exceeded all expectations. With a running weight of 265 kg and an engine power of only 1,5 liters. With. speed on loose snow was 12 km/h. Moreover, the most surprising thing was that the sled glided over the surface without falling through, although the depth of the snowdrifts exceeded half a meter.

In 1916, after another test, the Inventions Department of the Moscow Military Industrial Committee concluded: "The only motor sleigh made that moves quite well on completely loose snow is the sledge of S. S. Nezhdanovsky." The author was awarded the first prize, and the Ministry of Commerce issued him a protection certificate.

So what is the mover of S. S. Nezhdanovsky!

Its main idea is that instead of the traditional caterpillar belt (metal or rubber-fabric), a supporting ski and a light (“openwork”) chain are used that do not carry the vertical load from the weight of the sled. Due to the fact that the entire mass of the snowmobile was perceived by the wide ski installed inside the chain, the specific pressure on the snow was only 0,045-0,05 kg / cm2. The curvature of the toe of the ski, chosen by Nezhdanovsky on the basis of many years of experience, provided the minimum resistance to movement and the most unfavorable compaction of the snow. The ratio of the length of the ski to its width is 8:1.

The translational movement is carried out by an openwork metal chain, consisting of lugs and side cheeks-links. The chain was installed between pairs of lightweight front and rear drive wheels. In the rim of each wheel, recesses were provided for the protruding ends of the lugs. During the movement, the ski runs into the chain that fits in front and slides along it. At the same time, the snow is not squeezed out from under the sole to the sides, as it happens when conventional runners move, but is compacted in a space bounded on all sides by lugs and cheek walls - chain links. Snow cubes pressed in this way work great for shearing, preventing chain slip.

The only significant drawback of the Nezhdanovsky mover, identified during the tests, was that the snowmobile did not move well on solid ground - for example, on ice or heavily compacted snow. Therefore, it was necessary to install additional wheels of a slightly larger diameter coaxially with pairs of drive wheels. But when driving on loose snow, the level of efficiency of the Nezhdanozsky propulsor remains unattainable for all other types of snowmobile equipment to this day.

Author: I. Yuvenaliev

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