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PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
The plane starts tomorrow. Personal transport
Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air On the table - a whole park of unusual transport "machines": no wheels, no tracks, no skis. And yet they are moving. But their movement itself is also unusual: both on the ground and in the air. It is no coincidence that the creators called them cathelets. These small models have a great future: they open up a completely new direction in the evolution of transport. The Committee for Inventions and Discoveries issued three copyright certificates for the inertial-pulse machines developed in Kramatorsk. For the first time in world practice, it has been really proven that an increase in the performance of vehicles can be achieved using not a wheel as a mover, as was thought so far, but ... a part of the wheel: the hemispherical body of the machine itself serves as a mover. The new mode of transport promises to be more economical, truly all-terrain; able to move on land and on water, overcome deep snow, sands and swamps. In nature, a paradoxical regularity is observed; the lower in development living beings, the more legs they need to move. Remember, a caterpillar and a centipede have several dozen of them; flies and beetles have only six; plantigrade animals have four, while humans have only two. Technology has already borrowed a lot from nature. But if we follow the mentioned pattern, a more perfect option, for example, for transport would be a car without wheels: with a single-support propeller. The brainchild of the Kramatorsk inventors corresponds precisely to this paradoxical hypothesis: it really has a single-support mover, which is ... the machine body itself, and the inertial impulse as a driving force. From Dean's car to impulse rovers Here we immediately recall the sensational story a few years ago with the so-called Dean inertial machine. Mortgage expert, amateur amateur in the field of mechanical system design, Norman Dean stormed the US patent offices for three years until he received patent No. The apparatus did not have the usual propellers; it must move due to the inertial forces arising inside it. However, he could only twitch on a horizontal surface - and nothing more. The rapid firing of sensational publications about Dean's car soon subsided, and the newly-minted technical miracle began to be gradually forgotten. Moreover, such devices allegedly contradicted the laws of physics. But the fact of the matter is that there are people, no, no, and even thinking about the "absurdities" of nature, despite the fact that they have long been banned in science. These crazy enthusiasts don't even try to refute anything: they just build functioning "impulse propulsors", "intra-passes", "energy-planes", "heliolets", "gravity-flyers". Indeed, even before Dean, many indefatigable inventors worked on the creation of inercoids. So, in 1927, G. Shifershtein received patent No. 10467 for a fundamentally new vehicle on the ground. The car rested on the ground with four paws, elastically attached to the body. The engine rotated weights eccentrically mounted on axles. Unwinding, the loads brought the body into oscillatory movements. Intense vibrations were perceived by the supporting paws, the elastic shocks of which made the wagon move. Whether that movement was uniform and with what speed the "cuttlefish" moved forward, there were no reports about this. In 1939, a young employee came to the head of the Institute of Mechanics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Academician N. E. Kochin, and asked him to help him understand one idea. Its essence was explained by a simple model: a weight with a mechanism pushing it in different directions was placed in a sealed box. If the movement of the weight in one direction was sharp, then in the other it was slow - and the model moved noticeably towards sharp shocks. From the point of view of mechanics, the fact is obvious, but from the point of view of classical physics, the idea seemed absurd, because it is known that in a closed system the sum of the moments of forces, no matter how large they are, is necessarily equal to zero. Nevertheless, the academician became interested in the idea of the young inventor. Despite the fact that she not only encroached on the established laws of physics, but "refuted" them. Moreover, it clearly demonstrated the work of the forces of a closed system, which moved the model without throwing out reactive strings anywhere and, as if, without repelling anything special from the environment. In subsequent years, many people were engaged in similar machines with varying degrees of efficiency. The operating inertial apparatus was built in 1959 at the Siberian Metallurgical Institute in the city of Novokuznetsk. For more than 30 years Permian V.N. Tolchin worked on inercoids. He had several dozen moving carts and other similar mechanisms. The General Designer for Aviation Engineering, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR O. K. Aptonov noted that V. N. Tolchin’s devices (improved, of course) can be used in many branches of technology. The beginning of the 60s was especially fruitful for such ideas. Muscovite V. Turik is building a nnercoid. Employees of the NAMI Institute S. I. Kuptsov and K. S. Karpukhin created an impulse friction propulsion unit for self-propelled systems, consisting of a plate and two unbalance weights pivotally attached to it, rotating in opposite directions. Similar work is being carried out abroad. In 1965, Bernhard Beyerlein received a patent in England: his machine, like all previous designs of inercoids, also moved slowly, in jerks, with periodic stops and pauses. The unit spent most of the energy on ramming the earth, where it was actually going to be used. By the way, in 1974, an excellent inertial concrete compactor of this type was proposed by the West German company Lozenhausen Maschinenbau (Soviet patent No. 421167, 11-74). Several inercoids were built by the Kiev engineer V.V. Zaitsev, Leningrader, Candidate of Technical Sciences E.V. Ganov (see "Model Designer" No. 3, 1980). However, many people are still very skeptical about the search for this kind. And in vain. Academician R. G. Sagdeev once said: "Where there is a big contradiction, there is a big discovery." The birth of the cathode And now, after some lull, a new word in technology appears, prosaically called: "vehicle". Is this time just a variation on the theme of inercoids? Or a step forward, bordering on an attempt to make a revolution in all-terrain vehicles? There are two of them, enthusiasts for the development of unusual machines, unlike any of the existing ones. Marat Vladimirovich Chernin, a graduate of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University, works at the Novokramatorsk Machine-Building Plant named after V.I. Lenin as the head of a research and design bureau group. Chernin, as a true inventor, has a lot of interesting crafts. And here is one of his latest inventions - "Vehicle" (AS No. 389943, bull. 2973) - a work that has been devoted to for many years, sleepless nights, weekends, vacations. Co-inventor Yu. V. Podprugin also came to Kramatorsk after graduating from Moscow Higher Technical School. Four years of joint work led to success, in which at first no one wanted to believe. - Take a look at a curious document that once plunged us into despondency, - says Marat Vladimirovich. "... The proposed design of a self-propelled unit is inoperable. The main mistake of the authors is the assertion that under the action of centrifugal forces from loads rotating in different directions, the body of the unit will make continuous movement" - such was the conclusion of the expert. - At that time we did not yet have a good working model, - the inventors say. - Many, apparently, were also embarrassed by the fact that we are not transport workers, and therefore we should not invent anything worthwhile in this area, in accordance with the famous statement of the fabulist Krylov: "The trouble is, if the shoemaker starts the pies, and the pieman makes boots."
However, make at least a small digression into the history of technology. The great Polish pianist Joseph Hoffman owns more than 60 patented technical inventions. The Canadian Bress once proposed an absolutely unusual vehicle for fast communication between America and Europe. NASA experts (American National Aeronautics and Space Administration) gave a positive opinion on the innovation. And the author of the project is a violinist by profession. By the way, another well-known violinist, the American Yehudi Menuhin, in 1940 offered the US Air Force to buy from him the invented nm ... bomb. And Pierre Beaumarchais, who significantly improved the clock and the harp? And Samuel Clemens, better known to the world as a humorist Mark Twain, who patented a "mechanized" notebook and a bookcase with sliding shelves? Nothing prevented the artist Samuel Morse from inventing the telegraph machine and a special alphabet for it; naturalist John Muyer (USA) - one of the first teaching machines; philosopher Francis Bacon - glasses; artist and composer Gleb Kotelnikov - a parachute, and doctor Denis Panen - a steam engine! On the other hand, at one time many magnificent ideas of Edison, Lomonosov, Tsiolkovsky (who, by the way, proposed to conquer the world space with the help of inercoids) were completely rejected. Nevertheless, making sure that it is difficult to defend the idea in words, Kramatorsk engineers began to develop and build models in the evenings, designed to confirm the reality of the idea "for unbelievers." Now they have a whole fleet of boats. The inventors also introduced a special term for their brainchildren - "catalogues". Before talking about the essence of this invention, let us briefly recall the elementary theory of inercoids. The basis of any such apparatus is a generator of mechanical vibrations. If you, for example, begin to rotate a cord with a load on the end, you will get a generator of non-directional oscillations. If you take dumbbells in your hands and start rotating your hands synchronously, you will get a kind of generator of directed oscillations. At the same time, note that at the moment when both dumbbells are at the bottom, the centrifugal forces will also be directed downwards, and your weight will, as it were, increase by the sum of the centrifugal forces that arise during rotation. When the dumbbells pass the upper position, then the centrifugal forces, again adding up, will also be directed upwards. Moreover, if the loads are quite heavy, and the rotational movements are very fast, then theoretically with each stroke you will have to bounce, since under certain conditions the centrifugal forces will be much greater than your weight. The operation of all inercoids is based on this principle. If a similar directional vibrator is mounted on a sled or a wheelchair, then when the movers are turned on, they will begin to twitch back and forth. But there will be no forward movement here yet. Therefore, many experimenters inevitably faced the question: how to neutralize the back rollback, leaving only a useful impulse directed forward? - Some use the discovery of northern hunters, lining the bottom of the skis with the skin of a seal, with the fur licked to one side. However, it is too artisanal to imitate this by technical means, Chernin says. - Our solution to the problem lies in the very design of the mechanism. Firstly, the body of the apparatus has a curved bottom, like a half of a ball. Secondly, the generator of mechanical vibrations is shifted from the center of mass to the side. And for balance in the opposite side of the body there is a counterweight installed at an angle of 30 ° to the vertical axis. And, thirdly, the generator of mechanical oscillations must, if necessary, rotate in a circle in the body of the apparatus - for maneuvering. That, in fact, is the whole structure, - the author concluded. How does the movement, the work of the apparatus, take place? The traction force of the transport always turns out to be directed along one line: either down-back, then up-forward. In the first case, the body of the cathode rolls like a normal wheel. When the weights of the vibrator take the opposite upper position, then the cathode has no choice but to fly, "rotating" clockwise. The fundamental difference between the considered scheme of movement is that at any moment, wherever the total centrifugal force of the vibrators is directed, the resultant of all forces will only accelerate the center of mass (point O) of the machine and will never slow it down. ... But on such a self-propelled swing you won’t go far, will you get sick on the very first kilometer? Against. It just seems that the cathode clearly fixes the stages of rolling and flight, and should "peck" or roll over in a waddle. In fact, the change in direction of thrust takes place instantly: after all, vibrators can rotate at a speed of thousands of revolutions per minute. Yes, see for yourself. Tests confirm... Marat Vladimirovich put a catamaran from two school pencil cases on the floor. On the partition there are two batteries and two "penny" toy engines. On each of the axles, cargoes were strengthened. It was necessary to close a simple electrical circuit, and the pencil cases went. Then the second model. This shape is something between a tank and an all-terrain vehicle, only without tracks. She confidently and evenly crosses the room, despite the fact that the owner puts all sorts of obstacles in the way of unusual transport. They let the boat through the snow - it didn’t care: it walked just as confidently as it did on the floor. According to the authors of the invention, the cathot freely overcomes both thick and liquid mud. - The best version of the hull of a new type of transport is a hemisphere. The bottom of the machine of this shape allows you to start in any direction and maneuver without turning the body of the machine. In this case, it is enough just to shift the source of mechanical vibrations in the direction of rotation. So that the crew or the transported cargo does not experience even the slightest vibration, shock absorbers of any design can be installed between the cab and the hull. The use of a free-piston engine as a generator of mechanical oscillations increases the efficiency of the cathode and makes it more promising than any other ground mode of transport. However, the characteristics of a wheelless car do not need comments. The body in the form of a spherical segment and the generator of mechanical vibrations make it possible to completely abandon the autonomous running gear, and hence the clutches, gearboxes, and transmissions. All this significantly reduces the weight of the machine, reduces the required engine power, reduces cost and operating costs by 40%. Combination of body and running gear in wheelless vehicles makes it possible to double the reliability and durability of the apparatus, simplifying its repair. The lack of ground clearance increases the cross-country ability of the catholy by 25%, since during the period of contact with the ground, the hull itself is the mover and itself repels itself from the ground, overcoming the obstacle, taking the ascent. Not a single modern car will be able to pass a rectangular labyrinth, but for a cathode, this is a mere trifle. The light weight and tightness of the hull make it a truly all-terrain vehicle. The hemisphere will easily pass on any road, off-road, on water, snow. According to the calculations of the authors of the invention, the sum of all the advantages of a cathode compared to a modern car is much greater, that is, the efficiency of each ruble invested in a new type of transport will also be higher. But this is not the limit. When designing a special-purpose transport based on a cathode, efficiency can be increased even more. The current model of the cathode, made on a scale of 1:20 full size, weighs only 700 g and develops a speed of 160 m/h. This, of course, is not dizzying speed, but the engine is also "mosquito". A powerful engine is able to create much more traction, which means that the speed of the new transport will be no less than that of modern cars. As the tabletop fleet grew significantly, it became easier for creators to prove the viability of their wheelless machines. Real prospects - How long will the boat make its way into life? - we ask the authors a difficult question. “Unfortunately, this is no longer up to us. For example, the two of us undertake to make a catapult motorcycle out of standard parts in two years, considering that we will have to work after the main service. It must be said that many enthusiasts and NTTM participants from other organizations join to help us. So, in 1977, the Voroshilovgrad Institute of the UkrNIIhydrougol and the Kramatorsk Industrial Institute began to design and then assemble an experimental model of a cathode vehicle for the Donbass hydraulic mines. Its purpose is the delivery of auxiliary mechanisms and materials in especially difficult and cramped conditions. In January 1979, an experimental model of a mine caterpillar tractor (dimensions 0,6x0,7 m), made on a scale of 1: 2, weighed 80 kg and dragged a load of up to 100 kg at a speed of 5,5 km / h. The all-terrain vehicle easily walked along the metal beams on a slope of 15 °. Already today, the oilmen of Tyumen, the foresters of Siberia and the Moscow region, the enterprises of Volgograd, Tomsk are interested in the invention. NTTM participants from other cities also offer their help, for example, a group of students from Tolyatti. MV Chernin not so long ago had to make a report at the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. A positive review of the new vehicle was given by Academician A. A. Trofimchuk and other prominent scientists. In particular, it was said that in the near future the cathode could be used to move heavy loads, for example, excavators and oil rigs, and that the theory of its movement required detailed development, and that it was time to create a special laboratory of inertial-impulse motion. After all, the cathot is the birth of a new direction in technology and transport. In his book "Thermodynamic Pair" (Minsk, "Science and Technology", 1973), Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the BSSR A. I. Veinik notes: "... It was important only to liberate thought and fantasy, on which the prohibition of the so-called law of conservation of momentum rested like a heavy tombstone. It looks like the predictions are coming true. Author: P.Petrov
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