Modernization of the tractor servomechanism. Drawing, description

PERSONAL TRANSPORT: GROUND, WATER, AIR
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Modernization of the tractor servomechanism. Personal transport

Personal transport: land, water, air

Directory / Personal transport: land, water, air

Big problems sometimes arise because of small details. Take, for example, a servomechanism that reduces the effort on the control levers of such powerful and common tractors as the Chelyabinsk T100MZ or T-130. In them, in the hole of the sleeve (see figure), pressed into the body of the servomechanism, the pusher performs a reciprocating movement, transmitting the movement from the rotation control lever to the spool of the hydraulic distribution unit. On the pusher is the ill-fated part - a small rubber ring that provides reliable sealing between the pusher and the walls of the sleeve.

To achieve high-quality sealing, mating parts had to be made according to a high accuracy class. Suffice it to say that the sleeve must have an internal diameter accurate to thousandths of a millimeter; increased demands were made both on the roughness of the walls of the hole, and on the pusher itself, on which a figured groove was made for the rubber ring.

Participants of the NTTM of the Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant proposed to change the design of this unit without reducing its reliability. Instead of a ring, it was decided to use a rubber cuff (see picture). This made it possible to simplify the shape of the bushing and the pusher (and hence the technology and the requirements for machining parts), to manufacture parts from a less scarce metal.

Modernization of tractor servomechanism
Old (A) and new (B) pusher assembly: 1 - bed, 2 - rubber seal, 3 - pusher

To compare the old and new units, tests were carried out on a special stand. They showed that the wear of rubber rings is twice as high as that of cuffs that have worked for the same time. O-ring servos typically show oil leaks after 300 cycles. The new cuff assembly remained sealed even after 2,5 million cycles.

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Hereditary obesity is not always determined by genes 17.03.2016

It is known that metabolic disorders that can lead to obesity and diabetes often develop due to genetic mutations: a damaged gene ceases to properly monitor metabolism, and because of this, problems begin with the absorption of glucose, with insulin, with adipose tissue and etc.

Such a gene, once having arisen, can pass from generation to generation for quite a long time, so that all members of the genus in any line, maternal or male, will have to carefully monitor the waist and blood sugar levels.

However, genes never work on/off, they always have some range of activity. In other words, a gene can work weakly, not very weakly, moderately strongly, etc. How a gene is set to work depends on mutations, but also on external and internal factors - that is, roughly speaking, on our lifestyle with ecology and the activity of other genes. So, if we return to obesity, then it is not always associated with a genetic "curse" - improper nutrition may well change the metabolism for the worse without any mutations.

Living organisms have a lot of molecular ways to tune the activity of genes, and many of these mechanisms do not function for long - after working for some time in some force majeure circumstances, the gene returns to its normal state. However, it also happens that changes in genetic activity persist for life, and even, moreover, are transmitted to the next generation. At the same time, we emphasize that the gene itself does not change, its DNA does not change, no mutations occur, just regulatory molecules do not let go of their grip.

Such cases are called epigenetic regulation, and, as the studies of Johannes Beckers and his colleagues from the Munich Center show. Helmholtz on the study of environment and health, obesity can be transmitted from generation to generation precisely with the help of epigenetics. That is, the consequences of an unhealthy lifestyle of parents can pass on to their descendants, despite the fact that the actual genes of both will be quite normal, without mutant changes.

The researchers kept genetically identical male and female mice on three different diets for six weeks: high-fat, regular, and low-fat. As expected, the fat-fed animals became obese and had the first signs of type XNUMX diabetes. Then germ cells were taken from all mice for in vitro fertilization. The procedure itself was carried out in all possible combinations: a spermatozoon from a “fat” male was brought together with an egg from a female who was on a normal diet, then a spermatozoon from the same male was brought together with an egg from a female who was on a low-fat diet, etc. The embryos were implanted in healthy females, and then, when the mice were born, they were fed normal food for nine weeks, without fatty distortions, and then they were still transferred to fatty foods.

Fatty foods added weight to everyone, but the amount of excess weight clearly depended on what the parents ate. So, for example, females born from a "fat" male and female were 20% fatter than the offspring of normal mice (that is, those who were fed normal food).

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