|
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese|
CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Anona. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Annona, Annona. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism The genus Annona belongs to the Annonaceae family. Plants of this genus originate from tropical and subtropical regions of America, Africa and Asia. The genus includes about 170 species. The fruits of some species of Anona are of economic importance, such as atemoya, cherimoya, sugarapple, and others. They have a pleasant taste and aroma, and also contain many useful substances, including vitamins, minerals, antioxidants and fibers. Also, some species of Anona are used in medicine due to their medicinal properties. Legends and myths: In the culture of Latin America and the Caribbean, anona is associated with abundance and fertility. Its fruits have a sweet taste and are used to make desserts, drinks and other dishes. In some cultures, anona is also associated with the cycle of life and death. In Aztec mythology, anona was considered a symbol of death and birth. It is said that the god Tlalocan, the patron of the earth and rain, brought the fruits of anona to the earth as a symbol of the birth of new life. In Mayan culture, anona was associated with the goddess of fertility and birth, Shak Chik. It is said that the goddess bestowed the fruits of anona on her people as a symbol of abundance and fertility. In general, anona symbolizes not only abundance and fertility, but also the cycle of life and death, the birth of a new life and the richness of cultural traditions.
Annona, Annona. Description, illustrations of the plant Annona, Annona. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
There are 130 known species of the genus Annona L, some of which are widely cultivated as fruit trees. Genus Annona L, family Annona (Annonaceae) unites 120 species in tropical America and 10 species in Africa. They gradually spread throughout all regions of the tropical and subtropical zones of the globe. Relatively rarely cultivated in commercial gardens, but everywhere they can be seen near houses. The main cultivated species are cherimoya (Annona cherimola Mill.), prickly anona (Annona muricata L.), reticulated anona (Annona reticulata L.), scaly anona (Annona squamosa L.). The primary genecenter of anona cherimoya is in Ecuador and Peru. The genecenters of the last three species originated in the Antilles (Caribbean Sea) and spread to tropical America. It is believed that anons were introduced by the Portuguese from America to Southeast Asia and Africa in the XNUMXth century, after the discovery of America. However, the scaly anona was brought to the Hindustan, apparently, much earlier. It is believed that its introduction from tropical America to the countries of Southeast Asia came from both coasts of America long before its discovery. Archaeological remains of the cherimoya have been found in Peru. Anons have naturalized and grow in the forests of many countries in the tropical zone. From the center of origin, it also spread to the mountainous regions of Central America and Mexico. Along with these areas, they are widely cultivated in Argentina, the Caribbean, in the south of the USA (California), in the Canary Islands, about. Madeira, in the south of France, in Spain, Australia (Queensland), India and other countries. Cherimoya, chirimola, or cherimolia (2 in the figure) is a small deciduous tree, up to 7 m high. The leaves are large, 10-25 cm long. Flowers about 2,5 cm in diameter, greenish or pale yellow, fragrant, develop singly or 2-3 on short pedicels in the leaf axils. The flowers are protogenic, i.e., in bisexual flowers, the pistils mature before the stamens, and the stigmas lose their susceptibility before the pollen of these flowers ripens. Therefore, cross-pollination occurs with the help of insects, usually beetles. The fruit is syncarpous, formed after the fusion of the carpels and the fleshy receptacle, with hard seeds interspersed in a soft, whitish, sweet cream-like, edible pulp. The useful set coefficient is low, fruit set is significantly increased with artificial pollination. Cherimoya fruits - from spherical to heart-shaped, green in color, 8-15 cm in diameter. The shape of the fruits and the nature of their surface vary. These characters are used for intraspecific classification of cherimoya. The following groups are distinguished: pitted - with cone-shaped or almost spherical fruits, with a surface covered with small depressions resembling fingerprints; smooth - fruits of approximately the same shape, but with a smooth surface; warty - with heart-shaped fruits covered with small tubercles; papillary - the surface of the fruit is covered with small papillary outgrowths; convex - with fruits of an oblong-conical shape with a ribbed base, the surface is covered with bulges.
The weight of the fruit is from 150 to 500 g. The best forms have fruits weighing over 1 kg, some fruits reach a weight of 1600-2200 g. The fruit pulp is tender, melting, white, moderately juicy, with a pineapple flavor, contains many brownish seeds resembling in shape and bean size. The cherimoya fruit is of the best quality among the anonas and is considered one of the tastiest fruits in the world. The fruits taste like banana and pineapple. The pulp of fresh fruits contains (in%) 33,81 solids, ash - 0,66, organic acids - 0,06, protein - 1,83, sugars - 18,41, fat - 0,14 and fiber - 4,29 . Brazilian forms of cherimoya have higher sugar content and higher acid content. Anons begin fruiting at 3-5 years of age. Mature fruits are soft and perishable, they quickly begin to ferment, are not very transportable and therefore cannot be exported, only fruit juice from anon is exported. The fruits are consumed fresh and for making ice cream and sorbet. Anons are evergreen trees, but in the subtropics they shed their leaves during the winter season. Cherimoya - the most cold-resistant plant from the anon group, can tolerate short-term drops in temperature to -3 ° C. This is a typical plant of a subtropical climate, it does not tolerate hot and humid tropical regions, as well as dry summers in the subtropics. In the equatorial zone, it can be successfully cultivated up to a height of 2000-2400 m above sea level. seas. In subtropical regions, it is usually cultivated only on the plains. They are unpretentious to soils, grow well on many types of soils, including poor, light, heavy, stony, and also carbonate. Due to their shallow root system, anons do not require deep soils, but they must be well-drained. In many cases, in order to obtain maximum income per unit area, anons are used as intermediate or inter-row crops. They are planted in orchards of mangoes, sapotillas and other large slow growing trees. Before these trees create heavy shading, several harvests of anona can be obtained. The reason for the low productivity of trees is the insufficient number of pollinating insects, which is exacerbated by the short opening period of the anthers. The Indian scientist Venkataratnam found that, regardless of the temperature and humidity of the air, as well as the flowering season, anther opening occurs in cherimoya between 16 and 20 hours. In other anon species, the timing of anther opening and stigma susceptibility is different, which makes natural interspecific hybridization of anon difficult. Artificial hand pollination of the cherimoya proved to be effective in California at an air temperature of no higher than 32 ° C and a relative humidity of no lower than 30%. It provided setting in 60% of the flowers compared to 2% in the control. In many areas, cherimoya are propagated from seeds. In connection with the heterozygosity of seeds with such reproduction, numerous and diverse forms are obtained. To preserve the best forms, vegetative propagation is used, mainly by budding or grafting by cuttings on cherimoya seedlings and reticulated anons, as well as scaly anons and naked anons. Re-grafting of unproductive trees is also used, grafting more valuable clones into their crowns. Seed germination lasts for several years, but it is better to use fresh seeds. The dense peel of seeds softens after soaking in water for 4 days. To obtain seedlings, seeds are sown in protected ridges or greenhouses at a depth of 1,5-2 cm, when the seedlings reach a height of 7-10 cm, they are transplanted into pots, then, when the seedlings reach a height of 20-25 cm, they are planted in the first field of the nursery, where they are vaccinated. When growing plants in beds and nurseries, shading is necessary. When laying a garden with grafted seedlings, plant nutrition areas are 6 x 6; 7 x 7 m; when planting a garden with ungrafted seedlings, the distance between trees is increased to 9 m. In areas with an arid climate, irrigation is used. The use of fertilizers is recommended both when laying a garden, and in the process of caring for young and fruiting trees. Seedlings and grafted plants begin to bear fruit in favorable conditions in the 3rd or 4th year after planting, sometimes later. So, in the conditions of India, cherimoya, grafted onto the rootstock of anon net, enters fruiting after 6 years. Many trees are low-yielding, they give 10-12 fruits even at the age of 15-20, some clones give several tens or hundreds of fruits per tree. With the implementation of artificial pollination, the yield increases. The ripening season for cherimoya fruits in California (USA) falls on March-April, the second small crop is obtained in the fall. In Argentina and other South American countries, the fruit ripening season stretches from February to June. In the markets of Mexico, cherimoya fruits are available throughout the year, which is associated with the ripening of the fruits at different times at different heights above sea level. On about. Madeira fruits are harvested from November to February, in India - in December-January. Ripe fruits soften, their skin becomes yellowish-green in color. In this state, the fruits do not withstand long-term storage and transportation. When picking slightly unripe fruits, they can be successfully stored and transported for up to 10-14 days in baskets with good ventilation and shifting with soft straw or hay. Scaly anona, or sugar apple (Annona squamosa L). The scaly anona, or sugar apple (1 in the figure), is considered the most valuable tropical species of anona, widely distributed in tropical America, Indonesia, India, the Philippines, Cambodia, southern China, tropical Australia, found on the Reunion Islands and Mauritius. Successfully cultivated in the tropical zone from low to medium altitudes. Even in the equatorial zone, it does not rise above 750-800 m into the mountains. It prefers a hot and relatively dry climate. Young plants die with a short drop in temperature to minus 1 °C, adults are severely damaged at minus 2 °C.
Scaly anona is a small semi-deciduous tree 2-7 m high or a shrub. Leaves are 5-17 cm long and 2-7 cm wide. The flowers are greenish-yellow, develop one or two. The fruits are yellowish-green, heart-shaped, 7-10 cm in diameter, covered with spherical, fleshy bulges, which are carpels and are easily separated after ripening. The flesh is white, sweet, slightly sour, like a sweet cream of egg and milk, very tasty, fragrant, grainy, filled with small brown shiny seeds. Anon contains (in%) dry matter - 24,82, ash - 0,67, acids - 0,12, protein - 1,53, sugars - 18,15, fat - 0,54 and fiber - 1,22. In the Philippines, the edible part of the fruits of the scaly anona is 52-57% of their mass, the sugar content ranges from 15,99-18,15%. In Cuba, the edible part is 72%, and the sugar content can be as high as 21,5%. The scaly anona enters the period of fruiting in the 2-4th year after planting the grafted plants or seedlings. A decrease in yield is noted after 12-15 years of age. Usually there is no planting care, so the yield is low. The average yield per tree is 100-150 fruits. Compared to other anons, the scaly anona is more productive. Due to the long flowering period, fruit ripening and harvesting is also extended - from September to November in India, the trees bear fruits in a later period, but they often do not ripen due to the onset of cool weather. Harvesting is selective, multiple. The fruits do not ripen well enough on the tree, therefore, after harvesting, they are kept for ripening in various containers covered with straw. In a number of subtropical regions, for example, in the USA (Florida), fruit picking stretches for almost half a year. When ripe, the fruits crack on the tree, so they are harvested until they reach full maturity, stored in a dry, shaded place, after 1-3 days they become soft and edible. The fruits of the scaly anona are stored and transported worse than the fruits of the cherimoya. They are mainly eaten fresh and for making ice cream. The seeds of the scaly anona contain an oil similar in composition to peanut oil. The main method of reproduction is by seeds. Seeds remain viable for 3-4 years, but it is better to use fresh seeds. To accelerate germination, they are soaked or scarified. Seed reproduction in connection with the heterozygosity of seeds has led to the formation of a huge variety of forms. However, in India it is considered inappropriate to use vegetative propagation of forms with a high degree of seed homozygosity (Mammut, Balanagar, Red or Raspberry), they retain the properties of mother plants during seed propagation. Vegetative propagation of the scaly anona is spreading more and more, various types of budding are used, mainly by the Fockert method. As rootstocks, seedlings of the same species, as well as reticulated anons, are used. When laying gardens, plant nutrition areas range from 4 x 4 to 6 x 6 m. Scaly anona is distinguished by good responsiveness to organic and mineral fertilizers, as well as liming. In areas with a dry climate, scaly anona is irrigated. However, in India, in areas with pronounced dry and rainy seasons, irrigation is not considered appropriate, since the fruits develop in the rainy season and have time to reach removable maturity before the soil is very dry. Anona tolerates the dry season relatively easily, dropping a significant part of the leaves. It is formed in the form of a bush or tree. When caring for fruit-bearing plantations, economic pruning is used - removal of dead, diseased branches, trunks, etc. Reticulated anona, cow's heart (Annona reticulata L.). Reticulated anona, cow's heart, in India - ramfal, is common in the same area as scaly. Trees 6-8 m tall. The leaves are similar to those of the scaly anona, but somewhat larger. The fruits are heart-shaped or spherical, yellow-red, the surface of the fruit is smoother than in other species, covered with a grid of octagonal cells; the flesh is white, less tasty than that of the scaly anona, there are few seeds; sugar content up to 8% (mainly glucose) and proteins - up to 2,5%. The fruits are large, weighing 280-340 g, 7-12 cm in diameter. Up to 40 fruits are harvested from one tree. Fruit ripening periods are extended, for example, in India - throughout the year, in some countries - mainly in April - May. Spiny anona (Annona muricata L.). Prickly anona is a small evergreen tree or shrub, up to 4-6 m high. It is a favorite fruit in Cuba and Myanmar. Widely cultivated from Central America to the coastal valleys of Peru, distributed throughout the tropical belt at low altitudes. In India, it is grown mainly in the state of Assam, often found in Indonesia, Myanmar and other tropical countries of Southeast Asia, as well as on about. Reunion, West Africa and other areas. The range of this species does not go beyond the tropical zone; it is the most heat-loving plant from anon. The prickly anona is the most large-fruited species of this genus, the weight of the fetus is from 1,5 to 3,0-3,5 kg. The fruits are dark green, ovoid or ellipsoidal in shape, usually somewhat curved, 15-25 cm long; the skin is thin, but dense, covered with soft spines 0,3-0,5 cm long, curved back, similar to jackfruit spikes. The pulp is white, fibrous, juicy, fragrant, sweet and sour, with a predominance of sour taste, has many black seeds. The species combines a wide variety of forms according to the taste of the fruit. For example, in Indonesia, the prickly anona is one of the best fruit trees due to the high quality of the fruits, and in Réunion it is a low-value tree, the fruits of which have an unpleasant odor and coarse fibrous flesh. The prickly anona is propagated by seeds or by budding according to Fockert, on seedlings of the same species. When planting a garden, plant nutrition areas are 5x6 or 6 x b m. The tree grows quickly and begins to bear fruit in the 4th year. Harvest - no more than 25 fruits per tree. The fruits are mainly consumed fresh, for making drinks, ice cream, sorbets. Atemoya is a natural hybrid of anona cherimoya with anona scaly, often found in India, as well as in Egypt and Israel. The Indian name for atemoya is hanumanfal. Atemoya's climate requirements are close to those of anona scaly, but atemoya is more cold-resistant. Successfully grows on various soils, even saline ones. The fruits are similar to cherry but less attractive, the pulp is soft in consistency, more acidic than scaly anona. In tropical America, in hot, low-lying regions, there is anon, or ilama (Annona diversifolia Saff.), with fruits of very high quality, which are popular in Mexico. It is a small tree, often branching from the base of the trunk. The leaves are almost the same as those of the scaly anona, but somewhat larger. A distinctive feature of the species is the presence of rounded leaf-shaped bracts. Flowers are chestnut in color. The fruits are large, weighing up to 700 g, cone-shaped, oval. Fruit color varies from light green to red. The color of the pulp also changes. In light green fruits it is white, in red it is pink. The pulp is sweet, in green-fruited varieties it very much resembles the taste of scaly anona, in red-fruited varieties it is more sour, similar to the taste of cherimoya fruits. The fruits are mostly eaten fresh. The propagation of ilama and agricultural techniques are the same as those of other anon species.
Of the other species that have edible fruits, it should be noted naked anona, or alligator pear (Annona glabra, syn. Annona palustris) and mountain anona (Annona montana Macfad.), which are found in separate gardens. Of the close relatives of anon, belonging to the anon family, biriba (Rollinia deliciosa Saff.), Ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Lam.) and pawpaw (Asimina) should be noted. Biriba - a fast-growing fruit tree of medium height - up to 5-6 m; semi-deciduous, even in the tropics it can shed most of its leaves during the dry season; does not withstand low temperatures and dies at minus 3 °C. The fruits are yellow-cream, 7,5-15 cm in diameter. The pulp is white or cream in color, juicy, sweet, with a pleasant aroma. The peel is covered with fleshy growths. Biriba fruits, like those of anon, are not very transportable, they are consumed fresh, for making juices. Ylang-ylang, or kanangi, grows in the wild forests of Malaysia, introduced to many tropical countries. Evergreen tree from 3 to 30 m high, with falling branches; flowers are collected in brushes, which hang on leafy perennial wood, very fragrant, with yellow long petals, about 7 cm. Fruits are collected in clusters, each of which is from 4 to 12 pcs. They resemble olive fruits, dark, multi-seeded. From fully opened flowers, two essential oils are obtained - ylang-ylang oil, widely used in high-quality perfumery, and kananga oil, used in folk perfumery and for aromatizing soap. Cultivated plants begin to bloom at the age of 1,5-2 years, annually they produce 4,5-5,0 kg of flowers per tree at the age of 4 and 9-11 kg at the age of 10. The oil yield is 1,5-2,5% by weight of fresh flowers. In cultivated plants, the crown is reduced by trimming the trunk and branches at a height of about 3 m, after which the harvesting of flowers is facilitated. The cultivation of ylang-ylang was concentrated in the Philippines for a long time, then it was introduced to Java and, finally, to about. Reunion in 1770, which now has a virtual monopoly on the production of ylang-ylang and cananga oils. The genus Asimina (Asimina Adans.) consists of 8 species that grow wild in Central America. As a juicy fruit breed, pawpaw three-lobed deciduous tree or shrub is cultivated. Fruits are oval-shaped, weighing up to 100 g, sweet, with pineapple-strawberry aroma, not transportable. Productivity up to 10 t/ha and more. It has become widespread in warm and temperate subtropical regions of North America, Southern Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Annona, Annona. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Annona, Annona. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Anona, or Annona, is a genus of tropical fruit trees from the Annona family. The best-known members of this genus are the edible fruits Cherimoya, Custard apple, Soursop, and Atemoya. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing anona: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
▪ Aralia high (Manchurian aralia, thorn-tree) ▪ Sakura ▪ Play the game "Guess the plant from the picture"
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024 New method for creating powerful batteries
08.05.2024 Alcohol content of warm beer
07.05.2024
▪ Methanol production at room temperature ▪ Three-wheeled electric car Arcimoto FUV Evergreen Edition ▪ UAVOS drone with record run time ▪ Music online radio and Apple's Beats 1 radio station
▪ section of the site Normative documentation on labor protection. Article selection ▪ article When there are more columns than channels. The art of audio ▪ article Why do trees need bark? Detailed answer ▪ Boswellia's article is sacred. Legends, cultivation, methods of application
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua |
We recommend interesting articles Section 
See other articles Section 
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
All languages of this page