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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Common beans. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Beans (Phaseolus) Family: Legumes (Fabaceae) Origin: Latin America Area: Common bean is distributed throughout the world as a cultivated plant. Chemical composition: Beans contain proteins, carbohydrates, fiber, as well as B vitamins, vitamin E, iron, zinc, magnesium and potassium. Economic value: Beans are widely used in the food industry, especially as a protein product. In addition, beans are used for the production of bean flour and starch. The plant is also of ecological importance, since its root system contributes to the improvement of soil quality, and also has a positive effect on nitrogen balance. Legends, myths, symbolism: In Aztec mythology, beans were considered a sacred plant and were used in religious ceremonies. The beans were believed to have magical properties and could provide protection from evil spirits and disease. In some cultures, beans are associated with abundance and prosperity. It is believed that the plant helps to attract wealth and prosperity. In folk rituals, beans were used to expel evil spirits and protect against harmful influences. It was believed that the plant helps provide protection from negative energy and attract good luck.
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. Description, illustrations of the plant Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Botanical description, history of origin, nutritional value, cultivation, use in cooking, medicine, industry
An annual herbaceous plant with a woody stem at the base. The height of the stem of bush forms is up to 45 cm, semi-curly - up to 1,5 m, curly - 2-5 m. The leaves are large, trifoliate, pubescent. The flowers are small, white, dark purple, purple, collected in a short brush. The fruit is a bean, often multi-seeded, of various shapes and sizes. Seeds are large, of various shapes and colors. Blooms in June-August. Homeland beans - South America. The plant was known in the 800st millennium BC. It was brought to Europe in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. At first, only ripe grains were used for food, later green pods were also used. Currently, common beans are distributed only in culture. There are about XNUMX varieties of beans. Depending on the structure of the bean, shelling beans are distinguished - with a coarse thick parchment layer and in the seams of the valves with coarse fiber and sugar beans, in the wings of which there is no parchment layer and fiber. Beans are a culture demanding moisture, heat, and light. Unlike peas, it is very sensitive to frost, and already at -1 ° C, bean seedlings die. The plant also does not tolerate high temperatures and dry air, especially during the flowering period. Beans grow best in moist, neutral and calcareous soils well treated with rotted manure or compost. Beans are sown in the spring when the soil temperature reaches 12-14 °C. Sowing is carried out in nests of five to six grains in each nest at a distance of 20-30 cm. Before emergence, it is very important to keep the soil loose. Further care consists in loosening, removing weeds, top dressing. The bean blades can be harvested as early as eight to ten days after the formation of the ovaries, when the shells of the green beans are juicy. Green beans are a perishable product, so they are used as food immediately after harvest or canned. The yield of green beans can be increased if high humidity is maintained during the formation and growth of the beans. At the same time, the pods do not coarsen, they form less fiber, the content of total sugar and vitamin C increases. Beans for grain are harvested when the plants turn yellow and the beans turn brown. It is dried and threshed. Beans are extremely useful. It contains almost all the basic substances necessary for good nutrition, and is able to largely compensate for the lack of meat. The main advantage of bean grains is the abundance of easily digestible proteins and free amino acids, among which there are irreplaceable ones. In addition, there are many vitamins in beans: carotene, C, B1, B2, B6, PP, folic acid, carbohydrates: mono- and oligosaccharides, starch; there are fats, organic acids. A rich set of minerals (potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron and zinc), quite a lot of iodine in beans. The content of copper and zinc beans surpasses many vegetables. Bean grains contain complex organic compounds: phasin glycoside, sterols, saponins, etc. In folk medicine, a decoction of bean pods has long been used for diabetes. Clinical trials have confirmed their activity, and a decoction of the pods is currently recommended (as an adjunct to medications) for mild cases of diabetes in the elderly. Scientists attribute this property to glucotanin, a substance similar in its effect on the body to insulin, which regulates metabolic processes and blood sugar. Beans and beans were also studied. They found agglutinins - substances that increase human immunity to certain infectious diseases.
Beans enrich the body with important biologically active compounds. It is recommended for diet food. Due to the content of potassium, beans contribute to the removal of fluid from the body, having a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system; zinc is involved in the synthesis of certain hormones, including insulin. In addition, beans enhance the secretion of gastric juice, so it is recommended for gastritis with low acidity, as a diuretic for kidney disease, hypertension. A decoction of seeds is useful for edema of various origins. You should know that carbohydrates include stachyose tetrasaccharide, which causes increased gas formation in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, beans can be consumed by those people who have enzymes that can convert this carbohydrate into monosaccharides. The criterion is well-being: if it does not worsen, then the beans can be eaten. Green unripe beans and mature seeds are eaten. They are high in calories and delicious. However, bean seeds should not be consumed raw, not only by people, but also by pets because of the poisonous glycosides they contain. When cooked, they are destroyed, and the food becomes safe. Boiled beans are used as a side dish for second courses; mashed with garlic and onion fried in sunflower oil - this is a popular dish in Moldova called "Beans". Beans are widely used in the preparation of soups and various pastes, vinaigrette; Bean blades canned and frozen. Beans are also used in baking: bean flour is added to wheat flour when baking bread, making pastry. Beans are a valuable protein food containing a lot of digestible protein. Straw, green mass, silage are used to feed livestock. Authors: Kretsu L.G., Domashenko L.G., Sokolov M.D.
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry
Synonyms: code beans, Turkish beans, kvassula, walking beans, etc. An annual vegetable herbaceous plant with a climbing or straight stem, legume family (Leguminosae). Leaves are paired. Flowers 1-1,5 cm long, white or purple. The fruit is a bean. Bean seeds are used to prepare various dishes as a food product. Cultivated for the needs of the food industry. Range and habitats. Beans are one of the main plants of ancient agriculture in Peru, Mexico and other countries of South and Central America. Widely cultivated in many regions of the world. Chemical composition. Common bean seeds contain high-calorie nutrients: proteins (1,6-2,8%), amino acids, vitamins, mineral salts. The peculiarity of bean proteins is that they are close in composition to animal proteins. Amino acids were found in the seeds: tryptophan, lysine, arginine, tyrosine, methionine, etc., many carbohydrates, including starch, mono- and oligosaccharides F%); organic acids - malic, citric, malonic. Vitamins - ascorbic acid 0,23-0,28%), thiamine, provitamin A (carotene) - 0,26-0,45%, nicotinic and pantothenic acids, sitosterols, stigmasterol, flavonoids - quercituron, coumestrol, coumestans, etc. , flavonols - kaempferol-3-glycoside, kaempferol-3-glucooxyloside, mirecetin-3-glycoside, leukoanthocyanins leukodelphinidin, leukoanidin, leukopellargonidin, anthocyanins - cyanidin, pellargonidin, delphinidin, petunidin-3-glycoside. The ratio of sodium and potassium in green beans is 1:150. When canning beans, the amount of ascorbic acid and carotene decreases, and the content of nicotinic acid increases. Seeds of mature beans are 20-25% composed of protein (mainly phaseolin globulin) and carbohydrates (about 50%). Also found were potassium - 535 mg%, phosphorus - 530 mg%, B vitamins, carotene - 0,2 mg%, copper - 0,3-0,7 mg%, zinc - 4,4 mg%, iron - 6 mg %. The content of copper and zinc beans surpasses most vegetables. Zinc is involved in the synthesis of certain enzymes, insulin and hormones. The body's need for it is about 10 mg per day. Application in medicine. For medicinal purposes, lima or moon beans are used, which, unlike other types and forms of beans, contain phytohemagglutinin, a protein that stimulates the healing of infected wounds, the phagocytic activity of leukocytes and the growth of granulations. These data support the empiric use of bean flour for the treatment of skin diseases. In medicine in some European countries, beans are used for metabolic disorders - diabetes, especially in the elderly, in combination with synthetic drugs. Bean pods, bean grains, green "shoulders" are used. Diet food with the inclusion of beans is used for inflammatory diseases of the kidneys and bladder, with urolithiasis. The use of beans in chronic rheumatoid arthritis and gout is recognized as useful. A decoction of bean leaves 1:10 lowers blood sugar in rabbits with experimental hyperglycemia. There are separate reports that under the influence of such a decoction in patients with diabetes mellitus, blood sugar also decreases somewhat. A decoction of "sashes" and bean husks is prepared at the rate of 1:10, the raw material is poured with water, boiled for 10-15 minutes, cooled and taken 2-3 times a day for half a cup 30 minutes before meals. A tablespoon of the mixture (bean husks, blueberry leaf, dandelion root, nettle leaves equally) is poured with a glass of boiling water, boiled for 10-15 minutes, filtered, taken half a glass 3 times a day before meals. Two tablespoons of the mixture (bean sashes, mint leaves, 50 g each) are poured into 500 ml of water. Boil for 15-20 minutes in closed form; take 1 glass 3 times a day before meals. Beans are not included in the nomenclature of medicines. Other uses. Beans as a food and medicinal plant have been known for a long time. By composition, bean proteins are close to animal proteins, so they are well absorbed by the body. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation
Synonym: Phaseolus nutans L. Names: Bush beans - rus. bush beans, low beans, common beans; German Buschbohne, Kruppbohne; Goal. stamboonen, struikboonen; dates buskbonner; Swede, krygboner; English dwarf or bush beans; fr. haricots nains: it. fagiuoli nani; Spanish habichuelas.enanos, h. bajas; port, feijao enao; rum. fasole oloaga; hung. bokorbab; Slovenian nizki (pritlicni) fizol; Serb, sitni pasulj; Czech fazole low; Polish fasola karlowa, f. pieza, piechota. Curly beans - rus. code beans, curly beans; German Stangenbohne; Goal. stokboonen, struikboonen; dates standbonner; Swede, stangbona, storbona, klangbona; English runner, bean, climbing bean (in America - poler bean); fr. haricots a rames; it. fagiuoli rampicanti; Spanish habichuelas conpergamino; port, feijao vedebulhar; rum. fasole pe haraci; hung. karobab, futobab; Slovenian disoki fizol, nakolenec prekljar; Serb, visoki grah; Czech azole vysoke; Polish fasola tyczkowa. The common bean is one of the most common legumes. Its unripe beans and grains are used for various dishes and preserves. Mature grain is also widely used in many countries, but this is already the subject of field (rather than vegetable) bean crops. In unripe beans, up to 6% of proteins. Varieties of common beans (Ph. vulgaris L.) are divided into bush and stake (curly). Climbing varieties are late ripening, they are distinguished by unfriendly ripening and therefore are often not zoned. In areas with a long growing season, these varieties can also find distribution, as they are high-yielding. The most precocious of them are Vanguard, Gloria, Meistershtuk, Mulstopper. Curly beans are vines that reach a height of 3 m or more. For their culture, it is necessary to substitute props (stakes), whence their second name is stakes. Ordinary bush bean is a short (up to 50 cm tall) plant that does not have a climbing stem and therefore does not need props. Some varieties of bush beans in high humidity conditions tend to form a curly stem of insignificant height (Wilhelm, North Star). Bush beans ripen much faster than climbing beans and are distinguished by the friendly ripening of all beans on the plant. In addition to the difference in the type of stem, it should be noted the difference in the habit of bush beans. The vast majority of varieties are characterized by a compact type of plant, but the Wilhelm and Severnaya Zvezda varieties tend to be spread out. The greater potential productivity of code beans was noted above. Of the bush beans, Wilhelm is very productive, but, of course, the yield depends on the conditions of the year and the place of culture, and therefore often other varieties in variety trials become higher than Wilhelm. Close to Wilhelm in productivity is the morphologically similar variety Severnaya Zvezda. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Multiflowered beans (Turkish beans, multiflowered beans), Phaseolus coccineus L.
Synonym: Phaseolus multiflorus Willd. Names: German Feuerbohne, Turkische Bohne, Arabische Bohne, Blumenbohne; Goal. turksche boon, pronkboon, spaanische boon; dates pralbonne, valske Bonner, cyrkiske Bdnner; Swede. spansk klangbona; English scarlet runner bean; fr. haricot d'Espagne; it. faginolo di Spagna; Spanish judia de Espana; hung. torokbab, tiizbab, diszbab; Slovenian turski (laski) fizol; Serb, turski pasuli; Czech fazole vysoke arabske; Polish fasola wielokwiatowa, f. torecka. In subtropical and tropical areas, it is a biennial and even perennial plant; in the middle lane we usually deal with annual forms of this bean. The stem is tall (2-5 m), curly, slightly branched, at the beginning short-hairy, and with age the plant becomes naked or almost naked. The leaves are slightly pubescent. Peduncles 20-40 cm long, exceeding the leaves, with 10-15 pairs of closely spaced flowers, sitting on long pedicels, in the axils of the leaves. The flowers are large, odorless, bright red, fiery, pink or white. Beans 10-27 cm long, rough; seeds are large, often brightly colored. This plant is widely distributed mainly as an ornamental, but some of its forms (usually white-seeded) are used for food in some regions. It grows naturally in Central America. There are a number of varieties of multi-flowered beans, for example, Best of all, Tsarskaya white-flowered, Mammoth white, Scarlet champion, Mammoth scarlet, etc. The beans of this bean are eaten immature, even in semi-ripe form, when the seeds have not yet developed. Turkish beans are cultivated in a manner similar to the stalked form of the common bean. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Beans, Phaseolus and Vigna. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
Beans belong to the group of the most important leguminous crops that are of great food importance, especially for the population of developing countries. Bean seeds are used to prepare soups, sauces, side dishes for meat dishes and many types of cold snacks, as well as flour, from which a variety of confectionery products are made. Green beans with immature seeds are the most important raw material for the canning industry. In seeds - from 20 to 30% protein, 0,7-3,6% fat, 50-60% carbohydrates, 3,1-4,6% ash, 2,3-7,1% crude fiber. By the amount of protein in the seeds, beans are close to peas, and in terms of taste and digestibility, they surpass most legumes. Straw is mainly used for bedding, as animals do not eat it well. Beans contribute to the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil and, as a row crop, are a good predecessor for many field crops. The bean culture is widespread in world agriculture; it is cultivated in more than 70 countries in various soil and climatic zones. This crop is cultivated on an area of over 25 million hectares. It is widely distributed in Central and South America, in tropical Africa, in Southeast Asia. In developed countries, the seed yield is 1,2-1,5 t/ha, in developing countries with a lower level of agricultural development, the yield is 0,4-0,5 t/ha (India, Brazil). All types of beans belong to the legume family (Fabaceae) and 2 genera: Phaseolus L. and Vigna Savi. These genera include more than 250 species of annual and perennial plants. Depending on the origin, American and Asian types of beans are distinguished. American species are characterized by large, flat beans with a long beak and large seeds, small stipules. Asian species are characterized by small cylindrical multi-seeded beans without a beak, small seeds, and wide spur-shaped stipules. Of the American bean species, the common bean is the most common - Phaseolus vulgaris L. (1 in the figure). There are many varieties and cultivars of common beans, which differ in growth rate. Plants are bushy (height 20-45 cm), semi-curly (1,5-2 m) and climbing (3-5 m). Breeders strive to develop low-growing, bushy, fast-maturing, slightly leafy forms with non-cracking pods, adapted to mechanized harvesting. The root is taproot, penetrates to a depth of more than 1 m, numerous nodules are formed on it. True leaves trifoliate, primordial, simple. The leaflets of the trifoliate leaf are large, ovate in shape, broadly ovate or rhombic-ovate; in color - green, dark green. Peduncles short, axillary, with 2-8 flowers. The flowers are white, dark pink and purple, 5-petal in structure: a sail, 2 wings and 2 fused boat petals. Beans are very diverse in shape and size (6-15 cm). Varieties of beans, depending on the anatomical structure, are divided into 3 groups: shelling, semi-sugar and sugar, or asparagus. The specific features of these groups are determined by the presence of a parchment layer in the thickness of the bean wings, which contributes to the cracking of the beans. Seed color varies from white to black. According to the size of seeds, bean varieties are divided into 3 groups: large-seeded - the weight of 1000 seeds is more than 400 g, medium-seeded - 200-400 g and small-seeded - less than 200 g. The number of seeds in a bean ranges from 3 to 7. In Latin America, beans with red, brown and black seeds. In regions with a temperate climate, predominantly forms with light seeds are cultivated. Types of beans. Moon-shaped beans (lima, or lima) - Phaseolus Lunatus L. - the second most important American species of beans, which is called moon-shaped because of the bent beans and flattened seeds. It has annual, biennial and perennial forms, stems curly or bushy with curly tops. Trifoliate leaves are large, asymmetrical, rhombic in shape. Peduncles many-flowered, with 30-40 flowers. The flowers are small, white in color. Pods are short, wide, flat, crescent-shaped, 2-3 seeds, easily cracked. Seeds are rounded, flattened, white or variegated. Weight of 1000 seeds - 250-650 g. Lima beans are mainly cultivated in hot climate areas - in Central and South America, the Antilles, Africa, and tropical Asia. Multi-flowered beans - Phaseolus multiflorus Lam. (3 in the figure) - a predominantly curly bean species, has a limited distribution. In the wild, it is found in the mountainous regions of Mexico and Guatemala. In Latin America, it is used for seeds and as a vegetable crop. Multiflorous bean is a perennial plant, overwintering thanks to its underground root tubers. Shoots during germination do not take out the cotyledons to the soil surface. The leaves are large, peduncles are many-flowered, with 16-30 flowers. The flowers are large, bright red, pink or white. The beans are large (up to 25 cm), wide, flat-cylindrical. Seeds are very large, flattened-elliptical, white, red or variegated. The weight of 1000 seeds is 700-1350 g. In Europe, it is known as an ornamental plant due to its large red flowers and brightly colored seeds. Holly beans (tepari) - Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray (4 in the picture). This species is represented mainly by bush forms, the height of plants is 25-45 cm. The leaves of the trifoliate leaf are small, heart-shaped with a pointed apex. Inflorescences few-flowered (2-6 flowers), white flowers with a thickening on the sail. Beans with a thick parchment layer, easy to crack. Seeds are small (weight of 1000 seeds - 100-140 g), often white in color. Holly bean seeds have a specific taste, and it is valued lower than other species. The value of this species lies in drought resistance. In the wild, lives in Mexico, USA (Arizona, West Texas), used as green fodder. On small areas, tepari is cultivated in the countries of Central Asia. Metcalfe beans - Phaseolus retusus Benth - perennial climbing plant. It has a limited distribution. This species is cultivated in dry areas in the southwest of North America. Used for green fodder and as green manure. Amphicarp beans - Phaseolus geophyllus Burk - perennial tree plant. Stems up to 1,3 m long, creeping, silky-pubescent. Underground flowers are cleistogamous, pods are short, 1-2 seeds. In the wild, distributed in Argentina. The group of beans of the Asian origin is represented by the following main species: golden beans (mung beans) - Vigna aureus Piper (2 in the figure) - are widely distributed in India, Pakistan, China, Japan, and in small areas this crop is cultivated in Africa and America. Golden beans are very popular in the countries of Central Asia. Plants are bushy, climbing, semi-climbing, pubescent. The height of the stem is from 20 to 120 cm. The leaflets of the trifoliate leaf are large, the central lobe is triangular in shape. Peduncles axillary, with 10-20 flowers, flowers are small, lemon-yellow. Legumes are thin, cylindrical, up to 15-20 cm long with 8-15 seeds. The color of the beans is brown or black. Seeds slightly elongated or barrel-shaped. The color of the seeds is green, brown. Weight of 1000 seeds - 20-75 g; Rice bean - Vigna calcaratus Roxb - is cultivated in the countries of Southeast Asia, as well as in some countries of East Africa. The bushes are spreading, strongly leafy, the stem curling up to 3 m tall. Peduncles multi-flowered. The flowers are large, bright yellow. The beans are thin, cylindrical, 7 to 14 cm long, with 5-9 seeds. The color of the seeds is dark red, red, yellow, black. The shape of the seeds is cylindrical with cut ends; May beans (Urd) - Vigna mungo L. - cultivated in India, Myanmar, Afghanistan. According to morphological features, the species is close to the golden bean. Plants are bushy and creeping. Peduncles short, axillary, with 10-20 flowers. The flowers are large, bright yellow. The beans are narrow, cylindrical, densely pubescent, sticking up when ripe. A bean contains 8 to 12 seeds. Seeds are rounded or cut off at the ends. The color of the seeds is marble, matte. The weight of 1000 seeds is 35-67 g. The seed scar on the seed is longer than that of the mung bean; Angular beans (adzuki) - Vigna angularis Wight - in terms of sown area among Asian species, it ranks second after golden beans. This species is most widespread in Japan, China, the Philippines, and is cultivated in the USA in small areas. Plants are bushy and weakly climbing. The trifoliate leaves are large. The flowers are lemon yellow, collected in short racemes. Hanging beans, cylindrical, narrow, 8-15 cm long. Weight of 1000 seeds - 40-75 g; Aconitoleaf beans (mott) - Phaseolus aconitifolius Tacg. - known in culture in India, Indochina, Indonesia, China, Japan, Afghanistan. The plants are undersized - 40-50 cm. The leaves of the trifoliate leaf are small, the flowers are collected in short brushes. Hanging beans, narrow, 8-10 cm long. Weight of 1000 seeds - 30-50 g. Jamaican beans - Phaseolus semierectus L. - common in India, Indochina, Indonesia, the Philippines. Cultivated in annual and perennial crops for green fodder and fertilizer; Three-lobed beans - Phaseolus trilobus Ait. - perennial creeping plant, common in India, China, Japan, Afghanistan and in the countries of Equatorial Africa. Cultivated mainly for green fodder and as green manure.
Types of beans are very diverse in terms of the length of the growing season: from early ripening, with a growing season of 70-75 days, to late ripening, with a growing season of more than 200 days. The most intensive plant growth is observed during the period of budding and flowering. Beans are an optional self-pollinator. Flowering of bush forms lasts 15-20 days, curly - 30-50 days. Beans belong to the southern heat-loving crops. For early ripening forms, the sum of active temperatures during the growing season is 1500°, mid-season - 1500-2000°, late-ripening - 2500-3000° and even 4000°. Bean seeds of different varieties and species need different temperatures for germination. For example, multi-flowered beans require 6-8 ° C, common beans - 8-10 ° C, beans, mung beans - 10-12 ° C, lima beans - 12-14 ° C. The above temperatures are minimal, at this temperature bean seedlings appear on the 20-25th day after sowing. Dark-colored seeds of various types of beans usually begin to germinate at a temperature 2-3 ° C lower than white ones. The optimum temperature for seed germination is 20-25 °C. The demand for heat in lima beans and in species of the Asian origin is higher than that of ordinary and many-flowered beans. Mung bean tolerates air temperatures up to 40 ° C, while in other species at this temperature buds and flowers fall off. The optimum temperature during the periods of budding and flowering in beans is 22-28 ° C. Seedlings are sensitive to frost. In terms of drought resistance, beans rank fourth among leguminous crops after chinka, lentils, and chickpeas. Insufficient moisture supply during seed germination leads to the death of seedlings. When seeds swell, various types of beans absorb from 80 to 150% of water by weight of seeds. The drought that occurs during budding and flowering causes the buds and flowers to fall off. However, from germination to budding, beans are able to tolerate a lack of moisture in the soil. Among the American species, the most drought-tolerant is the common bean. The most demanding for moisture are multi-flowered and lima beans. Some varieties from Mexico and from the valleys of Central America grow even with excessive moisture. From the Asian center of origin, aconite, golden and rice beans have increased drought resistance. Adzuki is less sensitive to lack of moisture. It should be noted that bean species of Asian origin tolerate air drought well, but suffer from soil drought, and species of American origin, on the contrary. do not tolerate air drought, dry winds are destructive for them. Different types and varieties of beans react differently to the length of daylight hours. In relation to the length of the day, there are: short-day, long-day and neutral forms. Most types of beans are short-day plants. In the tropics and subtropics, beans are cultivated on red soils, dark brown and alluvial soils. On heavy clay soils with a close occurrence of groundwater, beans grow poorly. Dense, alkaline, and also too light sandy soils are not suitable for it. Lima and holly beans and mung beans have increased salt tolerance. In areas with a hot climate, beans are placed between cereals of continuous sowing (rice, wheat) and row crops (corn, yams, sweet potato), and are also included in alternation with millets (dagussa, African millet) and oilseeds (sesame, safflower). In temperate latitudes, the best predecessors for beans are perennial grasses, winter and spring crops of continuous sowing, row crops (potatoes, sugar beets). As a result of the symbiotic activity of root nodule bacteria, bean plants accumulate from 40 to 120 kg/ha of atmospheric nitrogen during the growing season; therefore, beans have a strong influence on the yield of subsequent crops. Thus, the yield of rice after mung bean increases by 40% compared with its yield after pure fallow. Repeated crops of beans should be avoided, as plants are affected by fungal diseases. During the growing season, bean plants consume large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium. The responsiveness of beans to soil fertility is associated with a relatively short feeding period. So, during the time from germination to the end of flowering (50-80 days), bush forms of beans absorb up to 90-95% of phosphorus, potassium and calcium from the total consumption during the growing season. The need for nitrogen increases sharply during the period of flowering - fruit formation. The increase in yield when applying from 12 to 20 t/ha of manure in various soil and climatic zones ranges from 30 to 180%. Phosphorus and potash fertilizers have a great positive effect; they are applied fractionally at a dose of 45 to 90 kg/ha of a.i. (active ingredient) for the main plowing and pre-sowing tillage. On poor soils, it is advisable to apply nitrogen fertilizers at the rate of 30-45 kg/ha of a. w., and they are recommended to be applied before sowing and in top dressing. Beans are responsive to the additional application of micronutrients, especially molybdenum, this element is used in pre-sowing seed treatment. In arid regions of the tropical zone with a long dry period (7-9 months), the main tillage is carried out at the end of the previous rainy season or at the beginning of the dry season, which helps to retain moisture and loose soil structure throughout the dry season. However, in some West African countries (Mali, Burkina Faso), the main tillage is carried out with the onset of the rainy season 1-2 weeks before sowing, which is a negative phenomenon, since there is no possibility of weed control in the pre-sowing period. In the variable-humid tropics, the main tillage is carried out at the end of the dry season (35-45 days before sowing). The main tillage includes 2 plowings to a depth of 15-20 cm and several surface treatments. The number of loosening depends on the weediness of the fields. The depth of plowing, depending on the type of soil and the area of cultivation, varies from 8 to 30 cm. In the agriculture of developing countries, the depth of tillage is currently limited by technical capabilities and rarely exceeds 12-18 cm. In the subtropical zone, tillage includes autumn plowing to a depth of 20-28 cm with preliminary peeling and pre-sowing treatment, which consists of harrowing and 2-3 cultivation. Bean seeds are sorted, gassed (fumigation), air-thermal heating and nitraginization are carried out on the day of sowing. In the subtropics and in the south of the temperate zone, beans are sown on the same calendar dates as soybeans, to a depth of 3-5 cm. In the countries of Southeast Asia and Africa, beans are grown both in the wet and dry seasons. Beans are sown in wide-row dotted, nested and square-nested methods. The row spacing is determined by the crop area and the biological characteristics of the variety. Early maturing varieties of beans are sown with narrower row spacing - 45-50 cm; tall, late-ripening - with a row spacing of 70-100 cm. The sowing rate, depending on the sowing method, variety and climatic conditions, ranges from 100 to 450 thousand pieces. seeds per 1 ha, or from 10-30 to 80-120 kg/ha. In tropical countries, beans are often grown in joint crops with safflower, rice, corn, African millet, sesame, and cotton. So, in India, in rice fields, golden beans are sown the next day after the pre-harvest discharge of water, by the time the rice is harvested, it has time to sprout and grows rapidly in the harvested rice field. Late sowing and shallow seeding make it necessary to roll the soil. In the period from germination to row closure, inter-row cultivation is carried out (from 2 to 6) to a depth of 4-7 cm as weeds appear. With intensive technology for growing beans in weed control, herbicides linuron and prometrin are used in doses of 3-4 kg/ha and with a water consumption of 300-400 l/ha. When nesting crops, seedlings are thinned out. Bush forms of beans in conditions of excessive moisture spud. Bean harvesting begins when 70-80% of the beans are ripe. The best way to clean is separate. Bushy low-stemmed forms with a low attachment of beans (below 8-10 cm from the soil surface) are harvested with a bean harvester with pulling and fragmentary working bodies. During harvesting, the lifting discs are deepened by 1-3 cm. The plants are placed in swaths. The windrows are picked up and threshed by a combine harvester with pick-ups at a low speed (500-600 rpm). Bean varieties with a higher arrangement of beans (above 10 cm) are first mown with a header. The mowed mass in the rolls dries up in 5-8 days, and then threshing is carried out by a self-propelled combine. In the tropics, beans are harvested by hand and rarely by machines. In climbing late-ripening beans, the beans are cut off as they ripen, dried in the sun, and then the seeds are threshed and cleaned. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Beans. Legends, the birthplace of the plant, the history of distribution
Beans are related to peas. They are from the same legume family. Beans, like peas, have creeping stems. And the same tiny nodules on the roots, from which the fields are of great benefit. Both plants are rich in proteins and nutritionally will not yield to each other. Only beans have larger seeds. But peas are very unpretentious - they grow everywhere, even in cold Siberia. And the bean is a sissy: it needs a lot of heat. After all, she came to us from distant Mexico. And there it was so hot that the earth cracked from the hot sun. Among the ancient Mexicans, beans were revered on a par with corn. For cobs of maize, Mexican warriors went on campaigns. Bean seeds collected tribute from the conquered tribes. Tribute collectors demanded selected grain. Weakness was not accepted. That is why the beans, bred by the American Indians, were distinguished by large beans and seeds. It is from this ancestor that the bean varieties that are sown in the fields of Ukraine and Georgia originate. And beans came to Central Asia from the opposite side - from the East. She has both beans and seeds smaller than those of her American cousin. But she is several millennia older than the "American". Author: Osipov N.F. Beans - what blood
The power of the ancient civilizations of America rested on three pillars of corn, pumpkin and beans. Beans were revered above all. It was she who stuffed the mouths of the dead - mummies in Peruvian tombs. The ancient Aztecs, citizens of the Inca Empire, and those who lived before the Incas, as if by agreement, gave this plant the first place in the lunch menu. By some flair, they guessed in beans not only a source of protein, but also healing substances, which the modern world learned about relatively recently. The respect for beans in Peru and in Mexico was due to another fact. This leguminous plant is surprisingly resistant to the vicissitudes of climate. Especially for drought. When cereal grains wither and burn out, the beans retain their cheerful appearance and give a harvest, helping the farmer out of trouble. The prices have always been high. And in addition, the beast does not touch her. Even livestock. Eats grass around, and the beans remain intact. So, safe, profitable, convenient. After the voyages of Columbus, the Spaniards brought this profitable culture to Europe. True, in the Old World there was also its own, old-world, originally from Asia. But the one that came was bigger. And now our usual beans are the same Mexican ones that the Aztecs and Incas ate. However, in the Old World she was much less fortunate than at home. Farmers were either imbued with love for a profitable crop and began to increase crops, then they cooled off, and then bean tithes were reduced. And what is the reason? Extra hassle. Sow a different crop - and wait for the harvest. And with beans, it’s a hassle: they need to be thinned out in time, and shaded, and fed, and weeded ... Those whose patience was running out, abandoned and switched to wheat or potatoes. Another thing was also disturbing. For some reason, quadrupeds and birds avoided the nutritious and tasty beans. Even omnivorous mice that gnaw paper and stearin candles do not touch bean grains. Not in the field, not in the barn. Only hamsters, during a desperate hunger strike, gnaw at flower buds. And that's just for vegetable beans. The hamster does not eat grain either. True, a mole digs up the bushes in the beds, but, probably, not intentionally, but accidentally. The reason for such a unanimous disregard is the poisonousness of peas. The Aztecs, of course, did not poison them. And not because the human body is immune to bean poison. It just breaks down when cooked. But we get the hidden virtues of the plant. Bean proteins are very close in composition to the proteins in our blood. Beans - that blood. No wonder this dish is recommended for people with a diseased liver or an upset nervous system. However, observing reliability, it must be recognized that what has been said applies only to ordinary, cultivated beans. And to some other species. In Lima beans, also from Peru (the capital is Lima), peas are not so harmless. And although she also goes to food, she has to be cooked like mushrooms-stitches, changing the water several times. And now about the appearance of our ward. Bean is a grass with trifoliate leaves, like a clover. Flowers like peas. The color is fiery red, and such varieties are grown not for the sake of fruits. For beauty. Most often, the corollas are white or purple. The stem curls or remains a low bush. In the tropics there are forms that climb up the tree trunks. And where it is drier, it descends to the river banks and winds along the thick stems of the giant arundo cereal. When corn plantations appeared in America, the beans immediately moved there and became a weed. Now, instead of arundo, she wrapped herself around corn. Seeing their bread in the arms of a weed, the Indians furiously tore off their elegant garlands. However, they soon noticed that in unweeded fields, precious maize yields a larger crop, and better grain. First, the benefit is in fertilizer, as with any legume grass. Secondly, beans repel pests. Since then, the Indians deliberately began to put beans on corn. The tradition continues to this day. Millions of hectares of dual crops are planted in Romania and the Balkans. The main connoisseur of beans R. Ivanov sowed his offspring on the tea plantations of Georgia. The experience turned out to be successful. More tea. And the quality is better. Encouraged by success, Ivanov ventured to apply the same technique in tangerine orchards. And again good luck! Then they began to plant other crops - cabbage, cucumbers, sunflowers ... But perhaps the greatest service was rendered by our friend on beet plantations. In previous years, in Ukraine, beetroot hectares were protected from the meadow moth with it.
The bottom line is that this legume grass has sharp, tough hairs on the stems, petioles and veins of the leaves. They are of two varieties: long, rarely sitting and short, with curved, thin ends. An unknown force attracts moth caterpillars to beans. They crawl along the stems, along the leaf petioles. They stumble upon the curved points of the hairs. Steam the skin. One hundred percent dead. It is a pity that this interesting tradition is now forgotten and replaced by chemistry. Seduces beans and bees. Buzzing honey harvesters constantly graze on its flowers. There is a lot of nectar, and it is not difficult to get it. Come and get it. The fee is the usual: take the pollen to another flower. You have probably already noticed how differently beans treat their guests. One is allowed to enjoy all the benefits. Others are deterred by a cloud of volatile secretions. Still others find a terrible death on the tips of the hairs. Probably, the wandering world treats bean peas in the same way. And if our Eurasian animals and our livestock do not eat them, this does not mean at all that no one eats them. At home, in America, there are certainly eaters. You can judge this by the following fact. Wild beans don't have white peas. They are always painted and different colors. What else can explain such camouflage, if not the need for protection from being eaten by birds or rodents? It is remarkable that people reacted to the color of peas in different ways. Especially in American countries. In Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras, bright red peas are preferred. One farmer almost went bankrupt when he decided to breed and sell black ones. No one bought them on the market. But in Mexico, both black and red are equally loved. They cook a thick soup from them, which connoisseurs consider the most delicious of all soups on earth. Mexicans generally eat beans of any color. But this does not mean that the color of the peas does not matter to them. No one will serve black beans as a side dish to pork. It's traditionally white. Black, if not in soup, is also eaten with a tortilla sandwich in the form of a sandwich, where beans replace a slice of ham or sausage. I will not list all the colors of peas and those dishes that require a certain side dish. To do this, it is better to make a trip to the Mexican market. On the most everyday, non-market day, the buyer is offered about 30 samples. And everyone is different. Choose what goes with pork, what goes with beef, what goes with chicken... Recently, scientists have paid attention to the following circumstance. Despite such an abundance of bean garnishes, wild beans have not been used to improve crops for several thousand years! Geneticists can safely take on the creation of new varieties. Even the beginning of a new era in the history of beans is expected. It is difficult to predict what the new era will bring to mankind. Some enthusiastic minds are ready to attribute even non-existent virtues to beans. This was the doctor F. Kryshtafovich, who settled in Transcaucasia at the beginning of the current century. Either he knew that beans are close in composition to human blood, or it just seemed to him that this plant was incomparable, but he explained the beauty and grace of the locals by the fact that they eat ... beans! Author: Smirnov A. Beans. Application in cosmetology
In Spain, nourishing and smoothing masks recommended for dry and thin skin are very popular. Two or three tablespoons of beans are soaked for several hours in cold water, to which a pinch of baking soda is added. From soda, the peel becomes loose and the beans boil faster. The boiled beans are rubbed through a sieve to obtain a homogeneous soft mass. Add the juice of half a lemon, a tablespoon of olive oil to it and stir well. The mixture can be prepared for several masks. Store it in the refrigerator, warm it up a little before use. The bean mask is applied to the face and neck and kept for 20-25 minutes, washed off with warm water. After the mask, it is recommended to lubricate the face with a nourishing cream. Author: Reva M.L.
Common beans. Phaseolus vulgaris. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Ethnoscience:
Cosmetology:
Attention! Before use, consult with a specialist!
Common beans. Phaseolus vulgaris. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
The common bean, or string bean, is a popular plant grown for its green pods and mature beans. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing: Cultivation:
Workpiece:
Storage:
The common bean is a popular plant that can be used in a variety of dishes.
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