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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Sugar beet. Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Beets (Beta) Family: Amaranths (Amaranthaceae) Origin: Southeast Europe and West Asia Area: Sugar beet is distributed throughout the world, grown in temperate climates. Chemical composition: Beet roots are rich in sugar (usually containing about 10% sucrose) and also contain vitamins C, B1, B2, potassium, iron, magnesium and other nutrients. Leaves and stems contain nitrates. Economic value: Sugar beets are grown as a source of sugar and are also used in cooking for cooking. In addition, its leaves are used as feed for livestock. Beets are also used medicinally for their antioxidant properties and ability to improve circulation and vision. Legends, myths, symbolism: One of the legends is connected with Greek mythology. In ancient Greek mythology, the goddess of love, Aphrodite, was associated with beets, and it was believed that eating beets helped preserve beauty and youth. In addition, in ancient Greek mythology, beets were also associated with the goddess of the Earth, Demeter. In other cultures, beets have also been a symbol of life and fertility. In Slavic mythology, beets were associated with the goddess Lada, who was the goddess of Christmas and fertility. In ancient Roman mythology, beets were a symbol of fertility and wealth. In Slavic culture, beets are a symbol of a healthy lifestyle and healthy eating. In some countries, such as Switzerland, the beetroot is used as a symbol of the environmental movement.
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris. Description, illustrations of the plant Beet, Beta vulgaris L. Classification, synonyms, botanical description, nutritional value, cultivation
Names: white. and Ukrainian beet; Az. cast iron; arm. chakndeh; cargo, charkhali; German Rote Rube, Salatriibe, Rote Bete, Rahne, Randig; Goal. beetwortel, bieten kroten; dates rodbede; Swede, rodbeta; English beet, garden beat; fr. betterave potagere; it. barbabietola; Spanish remolacha hortelana; port, beterraba; rum. sfecle pentru salata; hung. voros repa, cekla hera; Czech repa cervena, repa salatova; Slovenian rdeca-salatna pesa; Serb, crvena-repablitva; Polish buraczki cwiklowe; Japanese fudanso, tozischa, sangozinna. Names of chard: German. Mangold, Beisskohl; Goal. snijbiet, warmoesbiet; dates bladebede; Swede, blade beta, mangold; English swiss chard, silver beet; fr. poiree, bette, jotte; it. bieta, bietola; Spanish acelga; port, acelga; rum. mangold; hung. mangold, cekla; Czech cvikla cirimska kapusta; Slovenian grednobela pesa; Serb, rimeko kelje, mangold, cikla; Polish cwikla, bocwina. Plants of cultivars of beets in the first year of life form juicy fleshy roots (root beets) or produce a large mass of leaves, usually with wide and thick petioles (chards, or leaf beets). Only in long beet varieties does the root take a significant part in the formation of the root crop. In large and flat varieties, the root crop almost entirely consists of an overgrown subcotyledon knee. In the second year of life, both root beets and chards stem, bloom and produce seeds. This is where chards end their life cycle. Root beets continue to live. If such root crops are preserved and planted in the third year, they will again stem and produce seeds, and the root crop will grow.
From left to right: sugar beet, chard, red beet Among the chards there are some forms with a thickened root crop, for example, the Brazilian and Chilean varieties, which indicates the common origin of these plants and the possibility of longevity in the chard. Thus, beetroot is a perennial plant. Temperature is of great importance for the behavior of individual beet buds. If the beets are grown all the time in warmth (i.e., without temperature drops), they will never bloom, but will grow, turning into a large root crop of an ugly shape. Often, individual beet plants bloom prematurely - in the first year of life. On the other hand, among the seed plants there are so-called "stubborn" ones that do not bloom even in the second year of the plant's life. In seed plants of beet, the type of bush is erect, flattened or semi-erect, about 1 m high. Basal leaves are petiolate, entire, with a cordate-ovate plate. The stem leaves are smaller, elongated, pointed and the uppermost ones are almost lanceolate. Paniculate inflorescences develop on the stems, consisting of long loose ears, on which bisexual flowers are located in whorls (2-4 or more). The flowers are small, greenish, with red and yellow pigmentation, with pointed lanceolate bracts. Stamens 5. The perianths of individual flower whorls grow together to form glomeruli. Over time, several (according to the number of fused flowers) seedlings (seedlings) appear from the glomerulus. The species Beta vulgaris L. is divided into seven subspecies. One subspecies is found cultivated or feral in Southeast Asia; cultural subspecies - subsp. cicla L. (chards) and subsp. rapacea Krass. (root beets); within these subspecies, a southern climatype is distinguished, which includes Mediterranean and eastern forms, and a northern climatype, which includes European and North American varieties, rather than long ones. Keeping quality. All varieties of beets keep quite well, with larger ones keeping better. Productivity. The potential to give the maximum yield, of course, is distinguished by large, long varieties, but according to the actual yield, the picture develops depending on the cultivation conditions. Under the conditions of the northern short growing season, large late varieties do not have time to ripen and fall into the last places in terms of harvest. Dense soils do not allow even round and even longer varieties to develop well; under these conditions, short varieties take the first places in terms of yield. Therefore, the choice of the most productive beet varieties is decided on the basis of variety testing. Author: Ipatiev A.N.
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris. Methods of application, origin of the plant, range, botanical description, cultivation
Information about the origin of cultivated beets is contradictory. It is believed that the birthplace of cultivated beets is the countries of the Mediterranean: for the leaf - the islands of Cyprus, Crete, Sicily (2nd millennium BC), for the root crop - Greece and Byzantium (beginning of our era), from where it spread to the east , and somewhat later - to Western Europe. The introduction of beets into the culture dates back to the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries. BC e. Beetroot in ancient Greece and Rome was a well-known garden and medicinal plant, its leafy forms were grown. The name of the beet among the Slavs has Greek roots. The original cultivation of root beets in Western Europe began in Northern Italy, Germany and Switzerland. With the joint cultivation of leaf and root beets in vegetable gardens and orchards, their natural hybridization took place. Root beet was transferred to the fields in connection with the development of animal husbandry. In the XVIII century. in Western Europe, there was an isolation from the root beet table and fodder. Sugar beet is obtained by selection from natural hybrids between leaf and fodder root beets. In the countries of Europe and in Russia in the second half of the XNUMXth century, the search for local sugar plants began in order to satisfy the domestic market for sugar and to break free from England's monopoly on the production and sale of sugar from sugar cane. In 1747, the director of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, A. S. Marggraf, established the presence of sugar in beets, similar to cane sugar. The sugar content in sugar beet roots as a result of selection increased from 13 to 18% by 1910, and the technological qualities of sugar beet as a raw material improved. Industrial cultivation of sugar beet is more developed in temperate latitudes, but is expanding in the subtropics. Sugar beet is cultivated on an area of more than 9 million hectares (of which 80% - in Europe). The leading countries in terms of sugar beet sowing area are Morocco, Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia, USA, Canada, Chile, Uruguay, China, Turkey, Iran, Japan, Syria, Ukraine, Russia, France, Poland, Italy, Romania, Germany, Czech Republic. The average yield of sugar beet roots is 25-30 t/ha, the high yield is 50-70 t/ha. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera), Beta genus of the Chenopodiaceae family. Belongs to the same species as fodder beet (crassa), leaf beet (cicla) and table beet (esculenta). This is a combined group that combines root varieties of cultivated two-year-old beets. Selected sugar beet stands out sharply for its high sugar content and variety of root crops. Sugar beet in culture is a 2-year-old root plant, cultivated for sugar production or for animal feed. It is one of the most productive agricultural crops. In the 1st year, the plant forms a rosette of basal leaves and a thickened fleshy root crop with a sucrose content of up to 18-20%. At the end of the growing season of the 1st year (autumn), the leaves die off. The chemical composition of the sugar beet root: water 70-80%, fiber and hemicellulose 3-5, carbohydrates 20-22, including sugar - 16-20, nitrogenous substances - 1-2 and ash - 0,5-0,8% . The full development cycle of sugar beet, as a rule, takes place in 2 years. But sometimes flower-bearing shoots are formed in the 1st year of the plant's life, dormant buds in the axils of the leaves awaken, the plant forms a stem, blooms and bears fruit. The phenomenon of flowering leads to the formation of smaller roots with a large number of vascular-fibrous bundles. Sugar content is reduced by 1,5-2,0%. The appearance of "stubborn" is less often observed when plants do not form flower-bearing shoots in the 2nd year of life. This is due to the early harvesting of the mother roots and their storage at elevated temperatures, which delays vernalization. Therefore, the uterine roots should be stored at a temperature of 2-3 °C.
When sugar beet seeds germinate, the cotyledons are taken out of the soil to the surface and turn green. They are the first false leaves of the beet plant. In the 1st year of life, the beet develops 30-60 leaves, the more productive of them are the leaves of the middle tier (from the 16th to the 25th). The duration of active activity of each leaf is about 25 days. By harvest, the share of sugar beet leaves is 40-60% or more of the mass of root crops. After the emergence of seedlings, simultaneously with the formation of the leaf surface, the beetroot develops a root, which is a receptacle for reserve nutrients. The beet root is vertically divided into the head, neck and root itself, which is due to the origin of these parts and is of economic importance. The upper part of the root crop develops entirely above the ground, bears leaves and axillary buds, from which flower-bearing shoots develop in the 2nd year of life. Its lower border coincides with the line drawn through the bases of the lowest leaves of the root crop. The root head is a stem formation. It woods the most and is poorer than the rest of the root in sugar. The neck of the root crop is located between the head and the root itself. It does not bear any leaves or lateral roots and is formed due to the growth of the hypocotyl knee of the embryo. The root proper is the more or less conical lower part of the root crop. A distinctive feature of the root itself is the presence of lateral roots located in 2 rows, as a rule, longitudinal, sometimes somewhat oblique due to the spiral twisting of the entire root crop. The upper boundary of the root itself corresponds to the upper level of the lateral roots of both rows. When harvesting, only the lowest tip of the root (not exceeding one centimeter in diameter) and all lateral roots are removed. The color of the pulp of the sugar beet root is predominantly white. The phases noted during observations of beet development are somewhat arbitrary, but they nevertheless correspond to the most important stages of plant development. The emergence of seedlings is determined by the emergence of young seedlings on the daylight surface and the deployment of cotyledon leaves. After the appearance of the first pair of true leaves, a breakthrough is carried out - the removal of excess plants. It should be finished by the time the third pair of true leaves appears. Then there is a closing of the leaves in the aisles. The appearance of dry leaves is taken as the next phase of plant development (if it is not caused by drought). Further death of old leaves leads to the fact that the rows open up again, as it were, and expose the aisle. This indicates the harvesting maturity of root crops. In most areas of beet sowing, the uterine roots are dug up in the fall without damaging the heads, and planted again in the spring. 20-30 days after planting, stems with leaves and inflorescences begin to form. Beet inflorescences in the form of small whorls of 2-6 flowers are located along the entire stem and its lateral branches, usually in the upper part. Flowers bisexual. Seed plants begin to bloom on the 40-50th day after planting. Pollination of beets is cross-pollinated by small insects. A sugar beet plant in its 2nd year of life goes through the following phases: rosette phase, stem formation, flowering and seed ripening. Seeds are harvested in a separate way: mowing - with reapers, collection and threshing - with converted grain combines. Seed yield is 2,0-2,5 t/ha.
Seed material is called fruits (in single-seeded) and infructescence, or glomeruli (in multi-seeded). The number of fruits in the glomerulus is usually from 2 to 7, which also determines their size. The mass of 1000 seedlings is 15-40 g. Varieties of one-seeded, or one-sprout, sugar beet are introduced, in which the fruit contains mainly 1 seed (80% of glomeruli and more). Sowing with such seeds greatly facilitates the breakthrough of seedlings and reduces labor costs for this work. For accurate sowing of beet seeds in a given area, their calibration into fractions with a diameter of 3,5-4,5 and 4,5-5,5 mm is of great importance. When calibrating, the seeds are treated. The seeds of each fraction are sown separately. Of interest are such methods of seed preparation for sowing as grinding and segmenting, especially for multi-seeded beet seed. These seeds, while retaining the advantages of multi-seeded beets (high sugar content and yield), save labor costs for care. Coating of beet seeds is carried out using various nutrient mixtures. An example is a nutrient mixture consisting of humus and molasses (for 1 kg of seeds 2 kg of humus, 300 g of beet molasses and 700 g of water). During thermal soaking of seeds, 100 liters of water are taken for every 100 kg of seeds. Seeds are moistened in 3-4 doses with equal portions of water having a temperature of 18-25 ° C, at intervals of 5-6 hours and then raked into a heap, raising the temperature to 16-25 ° C by this method. Seeds are kept until the embryos awaken (about a day), and then dried to a state of flowability, which is necessary for uniform sowing with a seeder. When sowing, the seeds are planted to a depth of 3-5 cm. The sowing method is ordinary, with row spacing of 45-60 cm. A more progressive sowing method is dotted. When sowing with dotted seeders, the sowing rate is set at the rate of 30-35 germinating glomeruli per 1 running (linear) m. With the ordinary method, 1-18 kg of multi-seeded and 20-16 kg of single-seeded beets are sown per 18 ha. Sowing dates: April-May in the northern hemisphere and from August 15 to September 30 - in the southern (Chile). Varietal diversity of beets is great. All varieties of sugar beet belong to the same variety with a white color of the peel and pulp of the root. According to economic qualities, all cultivated varieties of sugar beet are combined into 3 groups or 3 directions: productive, denoted by the letter E (Ertrag - "harvest"), with a sugar content of 17,9-18,3%; sugary, denoted by the letter Z (Zucker - "sugar"), - sugar 18,7-19,0% and productive-sugar, or intermediate, denoted by the letter N (Normal - "normal"), - sugar 18,5-18,7, XNUMX%. Scientists have developed an intensive technology for growing and harvesting sugar beet, which ensures the production of 30-35 t/ha or more of root crops under natural moisture conditions and on irrigated lands at least 50 t/ha. The main methods of intensive beet cultivation technology: placement in the crop rotation according to the best predecessors, the introduction of calculated norms of organic and mineral fertilizers, effective basic tillage, the use of herbicides, dotted sowing with calibrated single-sprout seeds, a system of protection against pests and diseases; full mechanization of all technological processes for the care and harvesting, an effective system of measures for the organization and payment of labor. Of interest from the experience of other countries is the culture of sugar beet in Chile, where it has been cultivated since 1945. Elite beet seeds coming from the FRG are propagated, and farmers receive seeds of the first reproduction. Sowing is carried out in August, September and October according to the cultivation zones. During the processing of sugar beets, factories produce by-products that are also of economic importance. In the process of beet processing to obtain sugar, a filter cake, or defecation, is formed, the yield of which, in terms of 50% dry matter, is 12-14% of the processed beet. It is approximately 80% composed of calcium carbonate and lime. Therefore, to neutralize acidic soils, it is more effective to use defecation than ground limestone. Authors: Baranov V.D., Ustimenko G.V.
Sugar beet. Legends, the birthplace of the plant, the history of distribution
The man fell ill and had to send for a doctor. He examined the patient for a long time and finally said: "You will be treated with sugar." "Nonsense some!" - you think. Nothing like this. It was as a medicine that sugar was used three or four hundred years ago, when it was first introduced in Europe. Much later they began to drink tea with sugar. Very rich people could afford such a luxury: after all, sugar was then an overseas rarity. It was obtained from sugar cane, which grew in India and some other tropical countries. The fact that sugar is contained in the roots of beets never occurred to anyone. It was first discovered there by the German scientist Marggraf. It happened in 1747. But Marggraf's discovery was not given any importance. It turns out that it is not enough to make a discovery. It is also important that it is useful. And then there was little benefit from beets. Judge for yourself: a kilogram of cane stalks gave 180 grams of sugar, and a kilogram of beet roots - only 10 grams. And yet there was a person who continued the experiments with beets: the student of Marggraf - Franz Achard. He spent twelve years trying to find the most sugary beets. She had a white root crop, which contained six times more sugar than ordinary beets. From it Achard received in 1799 several kilograms of sugar - the world's first beet sugar!
They learned about Achard's successful experiments in Russia. As early as the following year, by decree of Tsar Paul I, Russian landowners who wished to grow sugar beets began to allocate land in the central strip of Russia and in Ukraine. Soon, in the village of Alyabyevo, Tula province, the first sugar factory, set up in a hastily converted barn, began to smoke. And yet there were few hunters for a new business - and not only in Russia, but also in other countries. Even a small factory, built by Achard with the money of the Prussian king, was soon closed: it turned out to be unprofitable. And all because in terms of sugar content, beets were still significantly inferior to cane. Of course, scientists tried to develop new varieties of beets. But work progressed slowly. Only forty years ago, beetroot equaled sugar cane in sugar content, and then surpassed it. Now sugar beets are grown in many countries. Everything seems to be going well. But it seems so only to the uninitiated. It turns out that all evil comes from her seeds. They are so tightly fused into balls that they cannot be separated. If the glomeruli are sown, several sprouts will grow from each. They will begin to interfere with each other - in the fall, instead of full-fledged root crops, you will collect "mouse tails". Therefore, seedlings have to be thinned out. And that takes a lot of people's time. "I wish I could bring out one-seeded beets!" - agronomists have long dreamed of. Scientists decided to help them. Olga Kirillovna Kolomiets was the first to get down to business. She found a few single-growth balls in the fields and sowed them. The very first experiments made her happy and upset: the glomeruli in the offspring turned out to be mostly single-seeded, but the plants themselves were frail, and the root crops were skinny. To improve the situation, Kolomiets began to cross her scumbags with the best varietal plants. After the war, other Ukrainian scientists came to her aid. Together, over the course of ten years, they managed to develop a stable "one-seeded" variety. Neither in yield nor in sugar content was it inferior to the best varieties of multi-seeded beets. In 1960, for this outstanding achievement, the most deserving breeders were awarded the state prize, and Kolomiets was among them. So, twenty-four years after the start of the experiments, the world's first "one-seeded" variety appeared. Now there are many such varieties. They are for different areas. And where they are sown, the collective farmers are spared the exhausting labor of thinning the plants. Already today, every second piece of sugar that we put in tea is made from "one-seeded". A few years will pass, and they will sow all the sugar beet fields of the country. Author: Osipov N.F.
"Beetroot - a cornucopia". Featured article
The triumphal procession of beets across the planet, which continues to this day, did not start at all ceremonially. In the middle of the XNUMXth century, the German chemist A. Markgraf obtained the first sugar from the roots. He was so proud of his discovery that he immediately rushed to the Academy of Sciences in Berlin and made a report there. Success, however, did not accompany the chemist. In those years, a lot of cane sugar was exported from the colonies. Covered all of Europe. Make your own, European? Where to put then reed? The margrave was immediately forgotten, and for fifty years no one remembered him. Then came the Napoleonic Wars. Communication with the tropics was broken. Europeans had to drink unsweetened coffee. Involuntarily remembered the beets. Another chemist Achard was found. In 1797, he issued a factory method for extracting sugar from beets. It would seem, rejoice, Europe! Make beet sugar and give up on overseas. However, this change was not for everyone. And Achard was offered a bribe of 50 thousand dollars to give up his invention. Two years later, they already offered 200! But without success. Then they persuaded the largest chemist X. Davy to reject Achard's patent. And something happened that the scientific world could not believe. The great Devi, a classic of chemistry, personally drove to Achard. He sucked on a piece of refined sugar. Then he wrote that this sugar is either bitter or sour, but in general, it will not go into food. On this occasion, the French sarcastically remarked: "Davy sacrificed his scientific conscience for the sake of false patriotism." But anyway, history took its toll. Even before the opening of Achard, the first sugar factory was put into operation. And where? In Russia. In 1795. In France, the first was launched in 1811, and a little earlier, at the very beginning of the century, in Germany. However, opponents of sugar beets did not give up. Even the famous, most intelligent chemist Liebig was disgraced. "Any donkey," he said, "can build a sugar factory... but the game is not worth the candle. Beets are expensive. They must be grown in greenhouses." Why did he decide that in greenhouses? After all, although she is a southerner, she also grows north of Moscow, even in Tver. Apparently, Liebig did not know agriculture well. Liebig made his statement in 1844. And in 1872, a congress of rural owners gathered in Paris. Agronomist Belin made a presentation. - How long will France be an importing country? - he asked with annoyance. - There is a reliable means to turn it into an exporting, rich country. At these words, a huge root crop, resembling an artillery shell, appeared on the podium. “Here it is, this remedy,” continued Belin. “Pay attention: the beetroot has the shape of a cornucopia! And she really is such a horn. You just need to be able to extract all the wealth contained in it. - And he explained what the secret of France's enrichment is: - Squeeze - this is the elixir that will raise the power of the country! The pomace that remains in the plants after pressing the sweet juice. More sugar beet more pomace, pulp; more pulp - there will be more livestock. A large herd will give a lot of manure. We fertilize the fields with manure - we get a triple crop. And let's start selling wheat... I do not know how this call was received in Paris, but in neighboring Belgium it was heard. The Belgians switched to beet pulp and really began to get more meat. Only recently the press reported: when bulls are led to the slaughterhouse, their legs bend under their own weight. Not because the carcasses are fleshy, but because the bones soften. Excessive passion for beet pulp did not lead to good. Everything is good in moderation ... Now let's take another part of the problem: not pomace, but beet juice, from which sugar is evaporated. There are still some impurities in the juice, a whole group of substances: choline, betaine, asparagine. They interfere with the crystallization of granulated sugar. More molasses is obtained, less refined sugar. Technologists are trying to get rid of these substances and call them "harmful nitrogen". And from the point of view of a doctor, from the point of view of human health, both choline and betaine are not only not harmful - the body needs them to the extreme. Betaine to some extent protects against cancer, choline is also useful. To get your norm of choline, you have to look for green peas ... So, trying to get white sand crystals at all costs, the technologist deprives the sweet tooth of exactly those protective substances that he desperately needs.
But back to that meeting in Paris, where beetroot - sugar beet - was advertised as the salvation of France. Like a cornucopia. Why Burak? Well, firstly, because it is an unheard-of crop. Not a single cultivated plant stores so many calories per hectare. 37 million! However, these calories still need to be able to get. In recent years, they began to refine the numbers and found out the following picture. Only a third of the beet tops are actively working. Two thirds empty. Over the past 80 years, the weight of the roots has increased by 18 grams, and the tops - by 280! The wider the tops are distributed to the sides, the less the roots fit. The lower the yield. It is urgently necessary to redesign the tops. And the root crop itself is also imperfect. It is bi-symmetrical. On such a powerful root system cannot be formed. Now, if it were three- or four-symmetrical! In nature, such unique ones are very rare. They should be made the rule, not the exception. Another problem is the tail of the root crop. It has always been considered an apparatus for supplying water. And before the war, when Maria Demchenko led the movement of five hundred and thousand, they noticed an interesting connection. When yields rise to 500 and 1000 centners per hectare, the design of the "horn of plenty" changes. The tail thickens and becomes a continuation of the root containing sugar. Profitable? On the one hand, yes. On the other hand, no. For mechanized harvesting, it is better if the shape of the root crop is not long, but round. Such beets stick out a little above the ground, and it is much easier for the machine to clean them. Perhaps even more important than the shape of the beet, its relationship with the beast and various creeping evil spirits. Zoologists suggest that the roots of wild beets are rough and woody for the reason that animals have always interfered in the life of the beetroot. Year after year, century after century, the tetrapods ate the softer, sweeter roots, leaving the savory and woody. Now, when breeders have given beet root crops a special sweetness, you cannot drag the wild brethren from them by force. Here is the story told by the workers of the Caucasian Reserve. At the Umpyr cordon, deer found a field of unharvested beetroot and began to dig up sweet vegetables. Foresters posted guards. Did not help. I had to urgently harvest. Managed to save half. They put what was saved into heaps and thoroughly covered it with earth. The deer came, scattered the earth and continued the feast. The management of the reserve sent reinforcements to help the foresters. Deer were frightened by screams, stones were thrown at them, beaten with sticks. It only helped for a while. As soon as the huntsmen left the "battlefield", as the horned sweet tooth returned and continued what they had begun. In the end, the rangers gave up. Burak was immediately finished off. But the first enemy of the beetroot is the weevil, a small insect, but very numerous. Until the middle of the last century, it was not heard of. Why? It's clear. The beetroots sowed little, the bug had nowhere to deploy its army. He then lived on salt marshes in Central Asia and did not interfere with anyone. I peacefully grazed there on grasses from the swan family - the wild relatives of the beetroot. The path to the north was blocked by a wide belt of steppes. And people more and more plowed the steppes. Increasingly, fleshy and juicy quinoa settled on them: our garden quinoa, and even amaranth svekokolnik - penetrated from America. In the fall, they bloomed with cheerful crimson colors. With these cheerful friends, the weevil penetrated further north. Finally got to beetroot plantations. What started here! I had to reseed the beetroot three times. The bug ate the seedlings clean. Fortunately, they noticed that the rooks really like the weevil. The idea arose to use the feathered armada to protect the beetroot. The only difficulty is that the birds do not always know which field they should fly to. You have to show them the way. There was such a case. The fields of a collective farm in the Kharkov region suffered greatly from the pest. There was a colony of rooks in the state farm next door. Collective farmers began to lure the birds, throwing sprouted grains at them, and even crumbled cottage cheese. Closer and closer to the distressed field. Collecting the bait, the birds finally got to the collective farm beets. The weevil was immediately exterminated. And now I would like to draw your attention: where did the weevil come from? From the salt marshes. From saline soils. From where the wild relatives of the beet live. This is very important, because she herself is not indifferent to salt either. The need for salt has been preserved since ancient times. There is a story about this. One English farmer could not get rid of the weeds. Walking across the field, he noticed that in one place the weeds had disappeared. He stood for a long time, wondering what reason had driven them from the field. Then he remembered that in the autumn he was carrying salt on a cart and spilled it in this place - the bag was untied. Maybe the salt drove the weeds out? With this thought, he hurried to the sugar beet plantation, where the weeds were running rampant. I scattered salt there and waited: what will happen? Autumn came. The weeds are gone. Even wheatgrass, which they could not cope with by any means. But the beetroot itself looked like a birthday girl. She not only did not suffer, but responded with an unprecedented harvest. Maybe because the snails and weevils that annoyed the owner also disappeared from the plantation. In the heat of delight, the farmer even thought that the looseness of the soil had improved. How this story ends, I don't know. But you can imagine the finale if you know what kind of sugar beet the English farmer grew. He could live fodder, dining room or sugar. If he bred the first two, then he remained in the profit. If sugar, then you should feel sorry for the experimenter.
The purpose of growing sugar beets is crystalline sugar (sand or refined sugar). On salty soil, not crystalline, but "transformed" sugar is formed in the root - glucose and fructose. Such a beet is much more useful for a person, but it is useless for a sugar factory. Of all the tasks that beet growers have to solve, the most difficult concerns fruits and seeds. The fruits of beets are, as it were, soldered into balls. There are several seeds in the glomerulus. It is worth sowing such a ball, as several shoots will appear. Bouquet. Seedlings must be pulled manually. And it is such a troublesome operation that it takes ten times more labor than in grain fields. And the glomerulus itself is not perfectly round, but angular. It is difficult to sow such polyhedra. At first it seemed that solving both problems was not so difficult. We noticed that there are balls with one seed on the beet bushes. Collected. Sowed. Fixed the property of one-seeded in the offspring. Now you do not need to manually disassemble the bouquets of seedlings and you can use mechanization. The balls themselves were honed and turned into balls. So there are varieties. Calibrated seed. It would seem that all tasks are solved. Not really. That's what's disturbing. In Finland, they do not want to switch to a fashionable culture and sow, as before, many seeds. Tradition? Or is there something in the single-seed that does not suit them? In Ukraine, Ramon multi-seeded was compared with Belotserkovskaya one-seeded. Ramon turned out to be more profitable! Her seeds germinate with redoubled vigor. Their germination is also higher. Double! And at Belotserkovsky it is so low that sometimes you have to re-sow. But even if the new variety successfully passed all the tests and was highly appreciated in the first generation, then in two or three years it can produce less products. And the glomeruli themselves gradually become ... multi-seeded. Not everything is clear with regard to grinding. What they did in Denmark and Sweden! And they turned the balls. And they polished. And they crushed. And they didn't get any benefits. Expensive! Yes, and a lot of seed waste. And most importantly, polished seeds are left without natural protection. Without clothes, which nature did not create by chance. Clothing regulates moisture. In drought, polished seeds are defenseless. And then shoots are rare. Beets are a profitable crop. Of all the domestic plants in temperate climates, beetroot yields the highest profit per hectare - thirty-seven million calories! Author: Smirnov A.
Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
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Sugar beet, Beta vulgaris. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) is a vegetable plant grown for its sugar production and as a vegetable for fresh consumption and canning. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing sugar beets: Cultivation:
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