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CULTURAL AND WILD PLANTS
Belladonna vulgaris (Belladonna vulgaris). Legends, myths, symbolism, description, cultivation, methods of application
Directory / Cultivated and wild plants Content
Common belladonna (common belladonna), Atropa belladonna. Photos of the plant, basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism
Basic scientific information, legends, myths, symbolism Sort by: Belladonna (Atropa) Family: Solanaceae (Solanaceae) Origin: Belladonna vulgaris is a perennial shrub native to Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Area: Belladonna vulgaris is found naturally in the temperate climates of Eurasia and Africa, but can also be grown in other regions as an ornamental plant. Chemical composition: Belladonna vulgaris contains alkaloids (atropine, hyoscine, scopolamine), which have strong myotropic and neurotropic properties. The plant also contains flavonoids, tannins and other biologically active substances. Economic value: Belladonna vulgaris is used in medicine as an analgesic, sedative, antispasmodic and myotropic agent. However, the use of belladonna must be strictly controlled and carried out under the supervision of a specialist, since the alkaloids of the plant can be poisonous in large doses. Belladonna is also popular as an ornamental plant in parks and gardens. Legends, myths, symbolism: In ancient Greek mythology, belladonna was associated with the goddess of magic and the night, Hekate. It was believed that her berries were an ingredient in a potion that helped to turn into animals and fly in the air. In medieval Europe, belladonna was associated with witches and magic. It was believed that this plant was used in potions that helped witches fly and cast spells.
Common belladonna (common belladonna), Atropa belladonna. Description, illustrations of the plant Belladonna. Legends, myths, history
An amazing plant already in the Middle Ages was shrouded in a halo of mystical mystery. The Roman goddess of war, Bellona, preferred to be prayed to and asked for help by priests who drank an infusion of belladonna. A decoction of this plant helped them enter a special state and receive advice and orders from her. Many thought that belladonna juice allowed women to find beauty. The Russian name is belladonna (belladonna, beauty, sleepy dope, sleepy dope, German, mad cherry, rabies). The Latin name is atropa belladonna. Family - nightshade (solanaceae). Origin - Western Europe, Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Himalayas, America, North Africa. The scientific name of belladonna is translated from Italian as "beautiful woman". In Rus', this plant has long been known as "beauty" or "beauty". However, belladonna received this name not at all due to its attractive appearance. With the help of belladonna, women have been trying to become more beautiful for many hundreds of years. And sometimes even at the risk of their lives, because belladonna is a poisonous plant. It contains the poison atropine, which can cause severe poisoning. As a result, a strong excitement begins in a person, reaching rabies, which is why this plant was popularly called "rabies". It is no coincidence that the great Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus attributed belladonna to the genus atropa, named after the Greek goddess of fate Atropa. According to the myth, Atropa breaks the thread of human life (Greek atropos - "inexorable", "irrevocable"). The scientific name of the genus atropa is given by the name of Atropa, one of the three moiras, goddesses of human destinies. Moira - Cloto, Lachesis, Atrope - were the daughters of Zeus and the goddess of justice Themis (option: the goddess of the Night Nikta). Clotho (Spinner) spun the thread of human life, Lachesis (Giver of Lots) led her through all the vicissitudes of fate, unraveling the knots, and Atropa (Inevitable) cut the thread of human life, not looking at the age, condition and gender of a person, that is, cut off life. Already in ancient Rome, women used belladonna juice to dilate the pupils, and thereby make their eyes more expressive and attractive. Roman women blushed their cheeks with the juice of berries. In the Middle Ages, belladonna was also used by fashionistas as a cosmetic. Belladonna was used as a drink; along with henbane and later dope, it was one of the components of the famous ointment of sorcerers - a flying ointment, the toxic elements of which penetrate the body through the pores of the skin. In 1903, German scientists studying the history of witchcraft tried to test a recipe for an ointment they discovered in a XNUMXth century document, the composition of which was unknown to them. When this ointment was rubbed into the skin, the subjects fell asleep, and their sleep lasted twenty-four hours. During this dream, they felt that they were involved with an irresistible force in a violent air circulation, sedate people in extraordinary pleasure rushed to dance. When they woke up, they believed that they really participated in a witches' coven. A similar feeling of flight was the result of the action of henbane, the German toxicologist Gustav Schenk was convinced of this from his own experience. Inhaling the smoke of the burning henbane seeds, he was seized with an unusual excitement, he was pierced by a strange state of bliss, which came from a completely insane impression of the weightlessness of the legs, which increased in volume and separated from the body. At the same time, he felt intoxicated by the thought of flying. However, the dual nature of belladonna is manifested not only in the particularity of being poison and medicine at the same time. Despite the fact that belladonna was considered witch grass, it was also used to protect against evil spells. A man who was afraid that a sorceress could take over his mind wore a wreath of bela-donna, and collars from the same plant were put on animals. There was another terrible use for belladonna. A potion was prepared from it, which was given to a witch sentenced to be burned at the stake. The drunk potion dulled the pain and it made it easier for the witch to go to another world. Ancient legends say that this plant belongs to the devil, who cares for him in his spare time, and therefore you can get belladonna only on one night a year - Walpurgis, when he is preparing for the Sabbath. Belladonna is always harvested on the eve of the first of May. Some attribute the name of belladonna to an ancient belief that at a certain time a flower can turn into a woman of magical beauty, but deadly to the human eye. It is dedicated to the goddess Hecate, the goddess of darkness, night visions. Author: Martyanova L.M.
Belladonna. Legends, the birthplace of the plant, the history of distribution
Translated from Italian, this word means "beautiful woman." Why does this plant have such a strange name? In ancient times, it was fashionable for Italian women to put a drop of belladonna juice in their eyes and rub the plant on their cheeks. The pupils dilated, acquiring a special expressiveness, and the cheeks turned pink. But it was necessary to use the plant very carefully, otherwise the fashionistas would be in trouble. After all, the full name of the plant is "atropa belladonna". And jokes are bad with her. Atropa was considered the goddess of fate by the ancient Greeks. They believed that the fate of every person is in the hands of this goddess, and she can cut the thread of life at any moment. The great Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, giving a scientific name to the plant, remembered not only Italian fashionistas, but also the goddess of fate. It was worth chewing a leaf, a flower or eating a dark, cherry-like berry of belladonna - poisoning occurred. The person fell into a sleepy stupor, or was painfully excited. And he could die. It all depended on the amount of poison taken. Look at the picture and remember well what belladonna looks like. It is usually found in the south. But sometimes a plant can be found in the suburbs. And sometimes it is specially grown in the fields. Strange, isn't it? Why do they do it? Once upon a time, sorcerers, knowing the dangerous properties of belladonna, mixed its juice into drinks and stupefied simpletons. Now science has turned even a dangerous poison to the benefit of people: with the help of belladonna, sleeping pills and painkillers are made. One of them is called atropine. This time, the doctors and chemists who created the medicine remembered the formidable Atropa not at all because she "cuts the thread of life." On the contrary, atropine in the hands of doctors strengthens this "thread". And so that the medicine is accessible to everyone, so that doctors can always come to the aid of the sick, belladonna and began to grow in the fields. Author: Osipov N.F.
Common belladonna (common belladonna), Atropa belladonna. Botanical description of the plant, area, methods of application, cultivation
The generic Latin name Atropa comes from ancient Greek mythology, where Atropa is one of the Moira sisters, the goddess of the underworld, personifying the inevitability of death. The specific name "belladonna" (belladonna) comes from Italian words and translated into Russian means "beautiful woman". In the old days, Italian ladies instilled belladonna juice into their eyes, the pupils dilated - and a special sparkle appeared in their eyes. In addition, the cheeks were rubbed with berries so that they acquired a "natural" blush. Among the Slavs, this plant has long been known as "belladonna". Another name, "rabies", is due to the fact that atropine, which is part of the plant, can cause a strong excitement in a person, reaching rabies. Perennial herbaceous poisonous plant. In the first year of life, a vertical, taproot branched root and a slightly branched stem develop, reaching a height of 60-90 cm. From the second year of life, a thickened rhizome with numerous large branched roots develops. Stems are tall, straight, branched, thick, indistinctly faceted, juicy, green or dark purple, up to 200 cm in height, densely glandular-pubescent in the upper part. The leaves are petiolate, the lower ones are alternate, the upper ones are in pairs, almost oppositely approached (and always one is significantly, three to four times larger than the others), dense, up to 20 cm long and up to 10 cm wide, dark green. The leaf blade is elliptical, ovate or oblong-ovate, pointed at the top, entire, tapering to a short petiole towards the base. The color of the leaves is green or brownish-green above, lighter below. The flowers are five-membered, solitary or paired, medium-sized, drooping, emerging from the axils of the upper leaves on short glandular-pubescent pedicels, bell-shaped, regular, with a double perianth. The calyx, which remains with the fruits, is five-incised, with ovoid, long-pointed lobes. Corolla cylindrically bell-shaped, five-lobed, 20-30 mm long, dirty purple (sometimes yellow) in color, yellow-brown at the base, with brown-violet veins. Stamens five; pistil with upper ovary, purple style equal to or slightly longer than the corolla, and reniform stigma. Blooms from May to late autumn. The fruit is a bilocular, slightly flattened, shiny purple-black (sometimes yellow) berry with many seeds in blue-violet juice; reminiscent of small cherries, sweetish in taste. It is because of the similarity with wild cherries that there are many accidents, because. the whole plant and its fruits are highly poisonous. Seeds kidney-shaped or slightly angular, brown, with a cellular surface, 1,5-2 mm long. The weight of 1000 seeds is 0,6-1,36 g. The fruits ripen from July to the end of the growing season.
Belladonna is widespread in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Central, Southern, Eastern and Western Europe, in Asia Minor (Turkey, Syria), in the mountain broad-leaved forests of the Crimea, the Caucasus and Upper Transnistria, in the Carpathians and their spurs, in Western Ukraine up to Lvov. Cultivated in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. The natural habitats of belladonna are characterized by a mild, humid, but not damp climate, with cool summers and rather snowy winters, and light, humus, fertile forest soils. It grows in sparse beech, oak, fir and hornbeam forests, sometimes at an altitude of up to 1000 m above sea level; singly or in small groups, on forest edges, clearings, along river banks. Belladonna is included in the Red Books of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Russia, Ukraine (in addition, Lviv and Ternopil regions). Inedible, poisonous plant. The aerial part contains flavonoids, oxycoumarins. All parts of the plant are poisonous, contain alkaloids of the atropine group: roots up to 1,3%, leaves up to 1,2%, stems up to 0,65%, flowers up to 0,6%, mature fruits up to 0,7%. Atropine can cause severe poisoning. Belladonna, in addition to atropine, also contains hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine), apoatropine (atropamine), belladonnin. Cuskgiggrin was found in the roots. Leaves and roots contain scopoletin. The maximum content of alkaloids was found in the leaves in the phases of budding and flowering, in the whole plant - in the phase of the beginning of seed formation, and in the roots - at the end of the growing season. The whole plant is poisonous. First aid for poisoning. Gastric lavage, followed by the introduction of 200 ml of vaseline oil or 200 ml of a 0,2-0,5% tannin solution through a probe. For the relief of acute psychosis - chlorpromazine intramuscularly. At high body temperature - cold on the head, wrapping with wet sheets. Of the more specific means - the introduction of 1-2 ml of a 0,05% solution of prozerin under the skin. Another option is gastric lavage with water with the addition of carbolene or a 1:1000 solution of potassium permanganate, followed by the introduction of a saline laxative through the probe, rest, bed rest, cold to the head. For weakness - caffeine tablets. In case of violation of breathing - artificial respiration, inhalation of oxygen. Stocks of wild-growing belladonna are insufficient, and its harvesting is difficult, therefore, belladonna is introduced into culture, and the quality of raw materials obtained from cultivated belladonna is much higher than the quality of raw materials obtained from harvesting wild-growing belladonna. In areas with warm, mild winters or stable snow cover, belladonna plantations can be used for up to five years or more if well cared for; but more often - no more than three years. Belladonna is a thermophilic plant with a long growing season. From the emergence of seedlings to the beginning of seed ripening in the first year of life, it takes from 125 to 145 days, depending on the growing conditions. Vegetates before the beginning of autumn frosts. Belladonna is grown in low areas with good humidity, at a groundwater level no closer than 2 m from the surface, on fertile structural soils of light or medium mechanical composition, well permeable to water and air, with a deep arable horizon. It is placed in field, fodder crop rotations or in open areas. The best predecessors are winter, vegetable and technical plants. Belladonna is very responsive to fertilizers, which are applied as the main, sowing and top dressing, combining forms and doses depending on local conditions. Usually, belladonna is bred by sowing seeds directly into the ground, less often by planting annual roots or seedlings grown in greenhouses or soil nurseries. Reproduction by roots is practiced in areas of possible freezing, and propagation by seedlings is practiced in more northern regions. Sowing in the ground is done early in spring with seeds stratified for two months (at a temperature of 0°C to 2-3°C) or dry seeds before winter. Sowing method - ordinary or square-nesting 60 x 60 cm. In order to avoid cases of poisoning, belladonna plantations put identification marks on the poisonousness of the plant.
Demoiselle (common belladonna), Atropa belladonna L., Atropa caucasica kreyer. Botanical description, habitat and habitats, chemical composition, use in medicine and industry
Synonyms: Caucasian belladonna, wild berry, wild cherry, Caucasian belladonna, rubuha, sleepy dope, etc. Perennial herbaceous plant of the nightshade family (Solanaceae). The stems are powerful, branched, up to 0,5-2 m high with dense dark green foliage. The leaves are ovate or elliptical, large - up to 22 cm long and 11 cm wide, and small - 7,5 cm long and 3,5 cm wide. The flowers are solitary, drooping, rather large, located in the axils of the leaves. Corolla brown-violet, bell-shaped, up to 20-33 mm long and 12-20 mm wide. The fruit is a multi-seeded, shiny, black, juicy berry with purple juice, resembling a cherry in appearance and size. Blooms in the second half of summer. Range and habitats. Distributed in North Africa (Algeria, Morocco), Central, Southern, Eastern and Western Europe, in the Crimea, the Caucasus, Asia Minor (Turkey, Syria), in the mountainous regions of Western Ukraine. The natural habitats of belladonna are characterized by a mild, humid, but not damp climate, with cool summers and rather snowy winters, and light, humus, fertile forest soils. Grows in sparse beech, oak, fir and hornbeam forests, sometimes at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level; singly or in small groups, on forest edges, clearings, along river banks. Chemical composition. The aerial part contains flavonoids, oxycoumarins. All parts of the plant are poisonous, contain alkaloids of the atropine group: roots up to 1,3%, leaves up to 1,2%, stems up to 0,65%, flowers up to 0,6%, mature fruits up to 0,7%. Atropine can cause severe poisoning. Belladonna, in addition to atropine, also contains hyoscyamine and hyoscine (scopolamine), apoatropine (atropamine), belladonnin. Cuskgiggrin was found in the roots. Leaves and roots contain scopoletin. The maximum content of alkaloids was found in the leaves in the phases of budding and flowering, in the whole plant - in the phase of the beginning of seed formation, and in the roots - at the end of the growing season. Application in medicine. Belladonna preparations are used for peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum, cholelithiasis, spasms of smooth muscles of the abdominal organs, biliary and renal colic, bradycardia, atrioventricular blockade, hemorrhoids, anal fissures. Medicines containing belladonna are contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to their components, angle-closure glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy with impaired urine outflow. During the period of treatment, care must be taken when driving vehicles and engaging in other potentially hazardous activities that require increased concentration, psychomotor speed and good vision. As a side effect and in case of overdose, psychomotor agitation, dry mouth, mydriasis, accommodation paresis, intestinal atony, dizziness, tachycardia, urinary retention, hyperemia of the skin of the eyelids, photophobia are observed. Authors: Turova A.D., Sapozhnikova E.N.
Common belladonna (common belladonna), Atropa belladonna. Recipes for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology
Belladonna vulgaris, Atropa belladonna is a poisonous plant that is not recommended for use in traditional medicine and cosmetology due to its toxicity. Although some components of belladonna may have a positive effect on the skin (for example, atropine can prevent swelling and inflammation of the skin), its use can be dangerous due to the toxicity of this plant. In some countries, the use of belladonna in cosmetology is prohibited, as its content may not be controlled enough.
Common belladonna (common belladonna), Atropa belladonna. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing
Belladonna vulgaris (Atropa belladonna) is a poisonous plant used in medicine, cosmetology and religious ceremonies. Despite its beneficial properties, its use requires special care and only under medical supervision. Tips for growing, harvesting and storing belladonna: Cultivation:
Preparing Tips:
Preparation and storage:
We remind you that the use of belladonna for treatment requires special care and should only be done under medical supervision.
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