Care of the injured and sick. Monitoring the activity of the stomach and intestines

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Care of the injured and sick. Monitoring the activity of the stomach and intestines

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

State indicator gastrointestinal tract usually is the tongue (wet, furred, dry). Often the patient has belching, hiccups, nausea and vomiting. You need to report them to your doctor. When vomiting occurs, a pelvis is placed on the patient or an oilcloth covered with a sheet is placed, and in an unconscious state, the head is turned to one side so that the vomit flows freely from the mouth. It is necessary to keep them in a glass jar until the doctor arrives. In case of poisoning, the patient is given a plentiful drink.

It is necessary to note the presence of stool, its nature, frequency, consistency of feces, their color (normal, light, tarry), smell, presence of undigested food, mucus, blood.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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Random news from the Archive

Polysexual mushroom 01.05.2022

We are used to the fact that living beings have only two sexes. It happens that both sexes are combined in one individual, then this is called hermaphroditism. It happens that there are no sexes - such organisms reproduce asexually.

But it also happens that there can be three or more sexes - much, much more. As, for example, in mushrooms from the genus Trihaptum, in which researchers from the University of Oslo and their colleagues from Spain and the USA counted 17550 sexes. Mushrooms themselves are not so exotic - they are related to tinder fungi and their range is very wide; one of the trihaptums grows on birch trees and is found throughout the country. How come they have so many genders and what does that even mean?

The meaning of sexual reproduction, in addition to getting an individual of a new generation, is in mixing genetic material. The germ cells of one sex merge with the germ cells of the other sex, and an organism is obtained with a new combination of genes. The more diverse the combinations of different individuals in a population, the more likely the population as a whole is to survive. Sex chromosomes, body structure - from a biological point of view, these are just ways to solve the problem of shuffling the genetic deck. In order to arrange such a shuffling, the sex apparatus determines with whom you can merge with sex cells and with whom you cannot.

Basidiomycete fungi, which include Trihaptums, tinder fungi, fly agaric, and ceps, reproduce by spores, which can be somewhat likened to our germ cells: their spores also carry not a double, but a single set of chromosomes. Fungal hyphae germinate from these spores - they also have a single set of chromosomes. At some point, hyphae from one spore meet hyphae from another spore, and that's when they either fuse together or they don't. Only the hyphae of certain different sexes can merge, which, as we said, in Trihaptum not two, but more than 17 thousand.

To count the number of mushroom floors, one had to wait until especially advanced methods of DNA analysis appeared. For a relatively long time, it was known that the sex of Trihaptums depends on two regions in the genome, which are called MATA and MATB, and each of which has many genes with different allele variants. For heterosexual fusion to take place, both regions must differ to some extent in these alleles.

It was possible to evaluate the differences between MATA and MATB in different specimens only with the advent of sufficiently cheap and sufficiently accurate methods for reading (sequencing) DNA, which made it possible to very accurately read short sections of DNA in order to then assemble them into a longer final sequence.

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