Installation of grounding conductors. Scheme, description

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Installation of grounding conductors. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Grounding and grounding

Installation of vertical grounding

The installation method of vertical ground electrodes depends on the dimensions of the ground electrodes, the nature of the soil and its condition during installation (thawed, frozen), season and climatic conditions, the number of electrodes to be immersed, the distance between objects and mechanization bases, the availability and possibility of obtaining mechanisms and devices, required for installation.

The comparative characteristics of the mechanisms and the cost of their operation, the volume of work performed and the specific conditions for their implementation are also taken into account.

Rational installation methods:

for thawed, soft soils - indentation and screwing of rod electrodes, driving in and indentation of profile
electrodes;
for dense soils - plugging of electrodes of any section; for frozen soils - vibration immersion;
for rocky and frozen soils, if necessary, deep immersion - laying in a drilled well.

The resistance to spreading of a clogged electrode is minimal; the resistance of the electrode mounted by screwing in is 20-30% higher; the resistance of the electrode laid in the finished well and covered with loose soil may be even higher, which will not allow the electrical installation to be put into operation.

The resistance of the electrodes increases slightly when pressed into the ground and when immersed by vibrators and exceeds the resistance of clogged electrodes by only 5-10%. After 10-20 days, the resistance of the electrodes immersed in vibrators, pressed in and clogged, begins to level off. Significantly more time is required to restore the soil structure and reduce the resistance of electrodes screwed into the soil, especially when using a broadened tip on the electrode, which facilitates immersion, but loosens the soil.

When driving, steel electrodes of any profile can be used - angled, square, round, however, the lowest metal consumption (with the same conductivity) and the highest resistance to ground corrosion (in the case of equal metal consumption) are achieved when using rod electrodes made of round steel.

When driving into ordinary soils to a depth of up to 6 m, it is economical to use rod electrodes with a diameter of 12-14 mm. At a depth of up to 10 m, as well as when driving short electrodes into particularly dense soils, stronger electrodes with a diameter of 16 to 20 mm are required.

To hammer the electrodes deeper than 10-12 m, shock-vibration mechanisms are used - vibrators, with the help of which it is easy to immerse the electrodes even in frozen soil.

Vibrators can immerse electrodes much deeper than when screwing in and indenting, which is especially important for soils with high resistivity (about 1000 ohms) and deep groundwater levels (more than 9 m), for example, for dry sands, in which the resistance of the electrode as it goes deeper decreases very sharply.

If the soil was not sounded during the design and its electrical characteristics are unknown, in order to avoid unnecessary work installation of deep grounding it is recommended to carry out in the following sequence:

1) prepare segments of the electrode, take their length according to the design of the mechanism used;

2) hammer the lower segment of the electrode;

3) measure the spreading resistance of the clogged segment;

4) weld the next segment of the electrode;

5) score the second segment and take the measurement again;

6) continue to work until the desired conductivity is reached.

Like any other method, screwing in electrodes has its advantages and disadvantages, which determine its use in specific conditions. The undoubted advantage is the relative ease of mastering mechanized devices (hand-held electric drilling machines, small gasoline engines), which allow the electrodes to be buried only to a relatively shallow depth, which in some cases increases the number of electrodes and metal consumption. The power of these devices is small, and to facilitate screwing it is necessary to use tips on the electrodes that loosen the soil, which sharply increases the electrical resistance of the soil for a period until its structure is restored. The need for quick commissioning causes an increase in the number of immersed electrodes to achieve the required conductivity of the ground electrode and, as a result, additional metal consumption.

But despite this, the screwing method in many cases allows you to quickly and economically mount the grounding device.

Vertical deep earthing conductors provide good conductivity due to contact with the lower layers of the soil, especially if they have increased resistance. Horizontal ground electrodes are indispensable due to the lack of mechanisms for mounting vertical electrodes in rocky, gravel and other soils. If the rocky soil is covered with a layer of earth, then the implementation of a horizontal or "beam" ground electrode system may turn out to be less laborious and relatively cheap.

Horizontal grounding conductors are also laid to connect the mounted vertical electrodes into a common complex grounding conductor or ground loop.

Beam ground electrodes are often used for lightning protection. Good conductivity in the summer can be provided by a horizontal grounding conductor laid in a peat or other well-conductive thawed top layer of the earth. The same applies to seasonal electrical installations operating in the summer.

Structurally, horizontal earthing switches can be made of round, strip or any other steel. Preference should be given to round steel, which, with the same mass and conductivity, has a smaller surface and a greater thickness, as a result of which it has less corrosion vulnerability. In addition, round steel is cheaper and easier to mount. Therefore, for extended ground electrodes, as well as for vertical electrodes, the construction of which does not impose special requirements for thermal stability, the amount of metal carried away, etc., it is recommended to use low-carbon round steel.

The method of mounting horizontal ground electrodes is chosen depending on the scope of work, the remoteness of construction objects from mechanization bases, the nature of the soil, the availability and possibility of obtaining mechanisms and other factors.

If there are reservoirs near the objects, extended grounding conductors are laid at the bottom of the reservoirs, and connecting cable or overhead lines to the objects are laid from them.

In cramped conditions, for example, when installing horizontal jumpers between 2-3 vertical electrodes, a trench is often dug manually to lay short horizontal ground electrodes.

Author: Bannikov E.A.

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