Poisoning by concentrated acids and caustic alkalis. Health care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Poisoning by concentrated acids and caustic alkalis. Health care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

RџSЂRё poisoning (ingestion of concentrated acids and caustic alkalis) a serious condition develops very quickly, which is explained, first of all, by extensive burns of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and often the larynx, and later by the effect of absorbed substances on the function of vital organs (liver, kidneys, lungs, heart).

Concentrated acids and alkalis have pronounced properties to destroy body tissues. Burns and scabs appear on the mucous membrane of the mouth, on the lips. With sulfuric acid burns, the scabs are black, nitric - gray-yellow, hydrochloric - yellowish-green, with acetic acid burns, the scabs are gray-white in color.

Alkalis penetrate tissues more easily, therefore they affect them to a greater depth. The burn surface is very loose, decaying, whitish in color.

Immediately after ingestion of acid or alkali, patients experience severe pain in the mouth, behind the sternum, in the epigastric region: they rush about from pain. There is excruciating vomiting, often with an admixture of blood. Pain shock quickly occurs, swelling of the larynx is possible with the subsequent development of asphyxia. When taking large amounts of acid or alkali, heart weakness and collapse very quickly increase.

Rendering first aid should immediately find out which substance caused the poisoning, since the methods of providing assistance depend on this.

In case of acid poisoning, if there are no symptoms of perforation of the esophagus and stomach, it is necessary first of all to rinse the stomach through a thick tube, using for this procedure 6-10 liters of warm water with the addition of burnt magnesia (20 g per 1 liter of liquid). In the absence of magnesia, lime water can be used. Soda for gastric lavage is contraindicated! Probeless washing (4-5 glasses of water) does not alleviate the condition of the victim, and sometimes contributes to the absorption of poison.

If it is impossible to carry out washing through a probe, you can give milk, vegetable oil, egg whites, mucous decoctions and other enveloping agents to drink. In case of poisoning with carbolic acid and its derivatives (phenol, lysol), milk, butter, fats are contraindicated. In this case, burnt magnesia with water and lime water are given to drink. These substances are also indicated for poisoning with all other acids. To reduce pain in the epigastric region, you can put a local cold.

With alkali poisoning it is also necessary to immediately rinse the stomach with warm water in the amount of 6-10 liters or a 1% solution of citric or acetic acid. Washing is indicated in the first 4 hours after poisoning. In the absence of a probe and the impossibility of washing (a serious condition, swelling of the larynx, etc.), enveloping agents are given to drink, a 2-3% solution of citric or acetic acid, 1 tablespoon every 5 minutes. You can give lemon juice. Rinsing and taking solutions of sodium bicarbonate are contraindicated.

The main task of first aid is the immediate delivery of the victim to a medical institution, where he will be provided with emergency medical care.

It should be remembered that if you suspect a perforation (perforation) of the esophagus or stomach (severe pain in the abdomen, unbearable pain behind the sternum), the patient should not be given water, and even more so, the stomach should not be washed.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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