Diarrhea (diarrhea). Health care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Diarrhea (diarrhea). Health care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Diarrhea (diarrhea) - frequent or single bowel movements with the release of liquid feces. Diarrhea can be with diseases of the intestines or other organs and systems. There are the following groups of intestinal diseases, in which the leading symptom is diarrhea:

1) infectious (salmonellosis, dysentery, cholera, syphilis, tuberculosis, etc.);

2) helminthiases;

3) protozoan invasions (giardiasis, amoebiasis, etc.);

4) non-specific inflammatory processes (Crohn's disease, non-specific ulcerative colitis, etc.); I

5) dystrophic changes in the intestinal wall (amyloidosis, collagenosis);

6) toxic effects;

7) neoplasms;

8) intestinal dyskinesia;

9) enzyme deficiency;

10) dysbiosis;

11) allergies.

Neurosis, beriberi, diseases of the kidneys, liver, stomach can also be the cause of diarrhea. In this case, there are violations of the permeability of the intestinal wall and sharp changes in the regulation of osmotic processes in the intestine. In diarrhea, absorption of water and electrolytes is usually reduced, and intestinal secretion and colonic motility may be increased. Thus, electrolyte metabolism is disturbed in the body, which can lead to dehydration.

First aid.

Call a doctor or an ambulance to clarify the diagnosis and subsequent treatment. In acute diarrhea, epidemiological data and the results of bacteriological research take the leading place. It is necessary to exclude the state of "acute abdomen". You can give the patient to drink unsweetened tea or a solution of dehydrate 1 g / l.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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An animal gene could help plants clean the air 30.12.2018

Houseplants make the air fresher and cleaner. However, they are not able to remove all harmful substances. For example, chloroform - it is formed in very small quantities in chlorinated tap water and flies into the air when we boil water or just take a shower. Or benzene, which is contained in gasoline - "air" benzene can be found in the garage or, say, in the closet where the lawn mower is stored. Both chloroform and benzene are considered carcinogens, so it would be better if they were not in the air.

Researchers at the University of Washington have modified Epipremnum aureus (one of the common houseplants) so that it can absorb chloroform and benzene, recycling them for its own benefit. Epipremnum does not bloom in temperate latitudes, so there is no danger that its genetically modified version will spread through seeds. A gene encoding the cytochrome P450 2E1 protein, or simply 2E1, was introduced into the plant genome. Cytochromes catalyze redox reactions, therefore they play an important role in obtaining energy for the cell, as well as wherever it is necessary to destroy and neutralize various unnecessary and dangerous substances.

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To transplant into a plant, the researchers made a synthetic gene based on the 2E1 variant found in rabbits. Epipremnum could only benefit from the animal gene: plants need CO2 and chloride ions for normal metabolism, and with the help of phenol they can make molecular components for the cell wall.
The modified epipremnum, in which cytochrome 2E1 was synthesized in each cell, was placed in a glass container, where there was an admixture of chloroform or benzene in the air. An article in Environmental Science & Technology says that after three days the chloroform concentration had dropped by 82%, and after six days there was no chloroform at all. Epipremnum also absorbed benzene, but more slowly: after eight days, the concentration of benzene decreased by 75%. At the same time, an ordinary, unmodified plant did not absorb either chloroform or benzene - the concentration of both remained constant even after 11 days.

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