Providing first aid in case of poisoning

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Providing first aid in case of poisoning

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

Poisoning A person can be exposed to a toxic substance through the respiratory tract, by ingestion, on the skin, by insect and animal bites, and by injection using a syringe.

General rules for first aid in case of poisoning

First of all, it is necessary to determine the toxic substance, as a result of which poisoning occurred. Then you must immediately take measures to remove the poison from the body or neutralize it with the help of antidotes. It is necessary to constantly maintain the basic vital functions of the victim's body and call an ambulance.

Poison removal is carried out in the following ways. In case of contact with the skin, the skin is washed with plenty of water, a weak solution of baking soda or a solution of citric acid (depending on the type of poisonous substance).

The toxic substance is removed from the stomach, causing the victim to vomit. Before that, he should be allowed to drink 5-6 glasses of warm boiled water at a temperature of 36-37°C.

Activated carbon, jelly, milk, egg whites have the ability to neutralize toxic substances. Activated carbon has the highest absorption capacity. Take it orally in the form of a water gruel (at least 10 tablets per 1-2 glasses of water).

Carbon monoxide poisoning

Carbon monoxide, or carbon monoxide, is a colorless, highly toxic gas that sometimes smells like burning. Its toxicity is very high: inhalation of air containing only 0,15-0,20% carbon monoxide for 1-2 hours can lead to severe poisoning, resulting in acute oxygen starvation. With further inhalation of carbon monoxide, oxygen starvation can lead to the death of the victim.

Carbon monoxide poisoning usually develops gradually. Its initial signs are a feeling of general weakness, headache in the forehead and temples, heaviness in the head, rapid heartbeat, redness of the skin. Then dizziness, tinnitus, vomiting, drowsiness join these symptoms.

First aid for carbon monoxide poisoning is as follows. It is necessary to immediately remove the victim from the poisoned atmosphere to fresh air, and if possible, give him the opportunity to breathe pure oxygen. The victim should be freed from clothes that are constricting and hindering free breathing - take off his tie, unbutton his belt, shirt collar, etc. In case of serious respiratory disorders or if it stops, you should immediately start artificial respiration and call an ambulance.

First aid for poisoning with household chemicals

Poisoning with organic solvents (acetone and turpentine)

Acetone is a weak narcotic poison that affects the central nervous system. It enters the body through the respiratory or digestive organs.

Symptoms of poisoning: irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, respiratory tract, headache, fainting.

First aid: remove the victim to fresh air. Let him inhale ammonia, drink hot tea, ensure peace.

Turpentine has a narcotic effect on the central nervous system and has a local cauterizing effect.

Symptoms of poisoning: sharp pains in the esophagus and stomach, vomiting mixed with blood, loose stools, severe weakness, dizziness.

First aid: wash the victim's stomach with warm boiled water, give plenty of fluids and activated charcoal.

Poisoning by products of oil and coal processing (gasoline and naphthalene)

Petrol. Gasoline poisoning can occur when gasoline vapors enter through the respiratory tract, as well as when exposed directly to large areas of the skin. The toxic dose when taken orally is 20-50 g.

Symptoms of poisoning: in case of poisoning caused by inhalation of low concentrations of gasoline, mental agitation, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, increased heart rate are observed; in more severe cases - fainting with the development of convulsions and fever. When gasoline gets inside, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, loose stools appear.

First aid: remove (take out) the victim to fresh air, if necessary, give him artificial respiration, if gasoline gets inside, rinse the stomach with warm boiled water, give hot milk to drink, put a heating pad on the stomach.

Poisoning mothballs possible by inhalation of its vapors, penetration through the skin and ingestion.

Symptoms of poisoning: the victim feels pain in the abdomen, he comes into a state of numbness and detachment, visual impairment is possible.

First aid: call an ambulance, if naphthalene gets inside, rinse the victim's stomach with warm boiled water.

Poisoning with pesticides

The most common pesticides are chlorophos, karbofos и dichlorvos. Their toxic properties are manifested when they enter the human body through the mouth, skin or respiratory organs.

Signs of poisoning: at the first stage - agitation, chest tightness, shortness of breath, moist rales in the lungs, sweating, increased blood pressure; in the second stage - muscle twitching, convulsions, respiratory failure, frequent urination, loss of consciousness; in the third stage, respiratory failure increases up to complete cessation of breathing, paralysis of the muscles of the limbs, a drop in blood pressure, and a violation of the rhythm of cardiac activity are observed.

First aid:

immediately withdraw (carry out) the victim from the poisoned atmosphere;
remove contaminated clothing from the victim, wash the skin with plenty of warm water and soap, rinse the eyes with a warm 2% solution of baking soda;
in case of poisoning through the mouth, give the victim to drink several glasses of water with baking soda diluted in it (1 teaspoon per glass of water), and then induce him to vomit; repeat the procedure 2-3 times, then give another half a glass of baking soda solution with the addition of 1 tablespoon of activated charcoal, and then induce vomiting again.

Authors: Smirnov A.T., Shakhramanyan M.A., Durnev R.A., Kryuchek N.A.

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