Methods of active detoxification of the body. Health care

FUNDAMENTALS OF FIRST AID
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Methods of active detoxification of the body. Health care

Fundamentals of First Aid (OPMP)

RџSЂRё poisoning with toxic substancestaken orally, a mandatory and emergency measure is gastric lavage through a tube. If the patient is in a coma (in the absence of cough and laryngeal reflexes), then gastric lavage to prevent aspiration is performed only after preliminary intubation of the trachea with a tube with an inflatable cuff. In severe forms of poisoning, gastric lavage is repeated, 3-4 times, on the first or second day after poisoning. This is done in connection with a sharp decrease in absorption (resorption) in the gastrointestinal tract, where a significant amount of unabsorbed toxic substance can be deposited. After the first gastric lavage, a laxative should be introduced through the probe (100-150 ml of a 30% sodium sulfate solution or 1-2 tablespoons of vaseline oil).

In case of poisoning with caustic liquids, gastric lavage is carried out with small portions (250 ml each) of cold water. Neutralization in the stomach with an acidic solution of alkali is ineffective, and the use of drinking soda for this purpose is contraindicated due to the danger of expansion of the stomach with the resulting carbon dioxide. Laxatives for chemical burns of the stomach are not administered; inside give almagel (50 ml) or vegetable oil emulsion (100 ml).

To adsorb toxic substances in the gastrointestinal tract, activated charcoal with water is used in the form of gruel - 1 tablespoon inside, the total amount of water needed to restore the lost fluid after gastric lavage is 800-1000 ml.

The most accessible first aid measure for the intake of toxic substances through the mouth is to induce vomiting by irritating the root of the tongue and the back of the throat. The appointment of emetics (apomorphine) and the induction of vomiting in an unconscious patient are contraindicated.

If chemicals come into contact with the skin, it is necessary to immediately wash the skin with running water.

In case of inhalation poisoning, the victim should be immediately removed from the area of the affected atmosphere, the airways should be patency, free from clothing that restricts breathing, and oxygen should be inhaled. Medical personnel must have protective equipment (gas mask).

With parenteral administration of a toxic dose of the drug, cold is applied locally for 6-8 hours. An injection of 0,5-1 ml of a 0,1% solution of adrenaline is indicated at the injection site. Tourniquets and local incisions are contraindicated.

When toxic substances are introduced into the rectum, vagina, etc., they are washed with plenty of water using enema, douching, catheterization, etc.

To remove a toxic substance from the bloodstream, various methods of artificial detoxification are used: non-invasive and surgical.

Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.

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MSP430FR6047 - microcontroller for ultrasonic meters 09.02.2018

The MSP430FR6047 is a new representative of microcontrollers from Texas Instruments, designed primarily for use in water, heat and gas meters.

The indisputable advantage of the MSP430FR6047 is that it uses innovative FRAM memory instead of traditional FLASH, as a result, reliability is increased (the number of rewrite cycles is up to 1015), power consumption is reduced during write operations, and it becomes possible to expand the amount of RAM due to FRAM.

The built-in USS (Ultrasonic Sensing Solution) module provides high measurement accuracy over a wide range of liquid flow rates (it is possible to measure very low flow rates: up to 1 l/h), helps to achieve ultra-low energy consumption during measurement and contributes to cheaper devices due to the requirement for small number of external components.

The MSP430FR6047 incorporates a high-speed (8 MSPS) sigma-delta ADC module, which, together with LEA (Low-Energy Accelerator), allows you to create current-optimized, high-precision measurement solutions with long battery life. In addition, the microcontroller includes a segment display driver, RTC, 12-bit SAR ADC, analog comparator, encryption and checksum modules. There is a built-in BSL bootloader that allows you to program and update software via UART and I2C interfaces even without using a JTAG programmer.

Main parameters of MSP430FR6047:

Clock frequency 16 MHz;
Program memory (FRAM) up to 256 kB;
RAM (SRAM) 8 kB;
Interfaces: 2xI2C, 6xSPI, 4xUART;
Built-in segment display controller;
32-bit hardware multiplier;
6-channel DMA controller;
Real time clock;
Sigma-delta ADC 12-bit 8 MSPS (16 channels), programmable gain;
SAR ADC 12-bit (16 channels);
Analog comparator (16 channels);
Timer 16-bit (x6);
Flexible timing setting;
Supply voltage 1,8...3,6 V;
Operating temperature range -40...85°С.

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