Basic principles of ensuring labor safety. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Basic principles of ensuring labor safety. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Two fundamental principles of occupational safety are currently known, and both of them are related to today's willingness to manage possible future events and prevent them if they could be dangerous.

First principle - the principle of prevention, the principle of prevention. It consists of the constant (systematic) implementation of various measures aimed at preventing, preventing, preventing hazards, eliminating or reducing risk.

At present, the entire world community is convinced, and we share this conviction, that this is the main, main principle of ensuring real security.

Second Principn - the principle of minimizing the consequences of an adverse event that could not be prevented. This principle consists in the implementation of measures of constant readiness to eliminate the appearance of danger and minimize its consequences. It stems from the impossibility of ensuring absolute security.

The first practical step that needs to be taken, based on the requirements of the basic principle of ensuring labor safety and occupational health, is the organization and implementation of preventive measures, the implementation of the prevention of industrial injuries and occupational morbidity. At the same time, the implementation of the first principle should not occur chaotically, but based on the strict logic of ranking preventive measures and strict adherence to the sequence (priority) of the implementation of various activities.

Note that requirements of the International Labor Organization Guidelines on SLAsT says that

"3.10.1.1. Hazards and risks to the safety and health of workers shall be promptly identified and assessed. Preventive and control measures shall be implemented in the following order of priority:

(a) elimination of the hazard/risk;

(b) limiting the hazard/risk at its source by using technical means of collective protection or organizational measures;

(c) hazard/risk minimization by designing safe production systems, including administrative measures to limit the total time of contact with harmful production factors; And

(d) where the remaining hazards/risks cannot be limited by collective protective equipment, the employer must provide appropriate personal protective equipment, including protective clothing, free of charge, and take steps to ensure its use and maintenance.

Among preventive measures, engineering and technical measures are used to prevent industrial injuries and occupational morbidity, and the "correct" organization of work on labor protection.

In practice, in quite often occurring cases, hazards and risks cannot be eliminated, because this requires an irrational expenditure of human, material and financial resources. In these cases, the organizational and engineering literacy of the manager and his labor protection specialist should manifest itself, which allows limiting the levels of danger at the source and along the ways of their distribution. It is here that the well-known methods "protection by time" and "protection by distance" are widely used.

A special role is played by personal protective equipment - the last line of protection of the worker's body from the harmful effects of adverse factors in the production environment. PPE is used in cases where the safety of an employee cannot be ensured by other technical means with the current level of development of technology and technology.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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Organic lasers for color displays and projectors 29.05.2017

Scientists from the Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, Japan, have developed a new type of optically pumped thin-film organic laser. And this laser, thanks to a number of innovative solutions, is able to emit light continuously for 30 milliseconds, which is 100 times longer than similar devices of the previous generation could do.

Unlike solid-state lasers based on inorganic materials, commonly used in laser optical drives and laser pointers, organic lasers use a thin layer of organic molecules of a strictly defined type of substance to amplify light. One of the main advantages of organic lasers is that with their help it is enough to get light of any color and shade, for this it is enough just to use molecules of a certain substance with suitable optical properties.

Specialists have been working on the creation of organic lasers for quite a long time. But their efforts have not yet brought significant results due to the fact that organic substances degrade rather quickly, being in an environment through which significant energy flows pass. The degradation of molecules leads to a sharp increase in energy losses and makes further operation of the organic laser practically impossible.

Japanese scientists managed to find a solution to the problem and increase the time of continuous emission of coherent light by a laser using three different methods. The first part of the solution was the material from which the body of the organic laser was made, which effectively absorbs light with any wavelength different from the wavelength of the emitted light. This effect gives the laser high efficiency due to the formation of triplets of exions, quasiparticles, consisting of an electron and an electron hole bound to each other.

Thermal degradation of organic material was reduced by building the entire device on a transparent silicon substrate, and the upper part of the laser structure was glued with a special polymer to a sapphire glass base. Silicon and sapphire are fairly good heat conductors, which provide very good heat dissipation and effective cooling of the laser during operation.

And the third part of the solution was a layer of material placed under the layer of the organic body of the laser, which provided optical feedback that regulates the ratio of the amount of ultraviolet light absorbed to the amount of light emitted. Such feedback makes it possible to reduce the amount of pump energy absorbed by the laser, which reduces the number of losses and eliminates the possibility of overheating, leading to degradation of the organic material.

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In their future work, Japanese scientists will look for additional methods and solutions that will allow them to increase the continuous operation time of their organic thin-film lasers. In addition, work will be carried out aimed at the direct use of electric current as the main energy source for pumping an organic laser.

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