Adverse consequences of the impact of working conditions on a person. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Adverse consequences of the impact of working conditions on a person. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

As you know, under certain circumstances, the impact of working conditions on a working person can lead to adverse consequences (events).

Recall that for a person such adverse events are fatigue, illness (disease), injury, death.

Fatigue - the physiological state of the body, resulting from excessively intense or prolonged activity and manifested by a temporary decrease in the functional capabilities of the human body. There are physical, mental and emotional fatigue.

physical fatigue It is manifested by a violation of muscle function: a decrease in strength, accuracy, consistency and rhythm of movements. Occurs with intense and / or prolonged physical activity.

mental fatigue manifested by a decrease in the productivity of intellectual work, a weakening of attention (difficulty concentrating), a slowdown in thinking, a decrease in mental activity, a decrease in interest in work. Occurs with intense intellectual activity.

emotional fatigue manifested by a noticeable decrease in emotional reactions under the influence of superstrong or monotonous stimuli (stress).

Insufficient rest time or excessive workload for a long time often leads to chronic fatigue, or overwork. Distinguish between mental and mental (spiritual) fatigue.

Fatigue and the associated drop in performance (productivity) is the most common adverse consequence of a simple labor process. However, if fatigue has not gone beyond the adaptive capabilities of a person (is not overwork), the body of the latter will easily recover after an appropriate rest. Various work breaks, lunch breaks, rest days and, finally, vacations are all traditional, widely used and often mandatory measures to prevent a person from declining in performance. Unfortunately, the modern rhythm of life and work is increasingly leading an increasing number of workers to chronic fatigue syndrome. According to many Western European experts, it is this problem that can become the most urgent in ensuring safety and hygiene requirements at the workplace.

Another widespread adverse consequence of labor is a human disease: malaise; bad feeling; rapidly flowing, but relatively quickly passing ("acute" - in medical terminology) and lasting for years, sluggish with periodic exacerbations ("chronic" - in medical terminology) diseases.

The causal relationship of the disease with working conditions is very complex and ambiguous.

The complex of factors of the production environment, which forms the working conditions, the severity and intensity of the process, has both a specific (i.e., directly and clearly directed) and non-specific (general adverse) impact on workers.

The most common non-specific effect reduces the overall protective functions of the body, which leads to the development of general diseases. Since these diseases are triggered by working conditions, they are often referred to as work-related illnessesin Western European terminology work-related illnesses). It is rather difficult (and sometimes impossible) to separate them from the usual morbidity in practice. The specific weight of the influence of unfavorable working conditions on the indicators of general morbidity ranges from 20 to 40%, but may be more.

Less common specific exposure is associated with specific production factors and leads to the development of certain diseases caused by these factors. Since these diseases are caused by unfavorable working conditions of specific jobs of specific professions, they are called occupational diseases. Sometimes it is also quite difficult to separate them from the usual incidence in practice, but it can still be done. A professional medical opinion - a medical diagnosis and its compliance with the officially accepted "agreement" on what and in what cases is considered an "occupational disease" - is mandatory for occupational diseases!

An acute occupational disease is a disease that occurs suddenly, after a single (during no more than one working day or one work shift) exposure to harmful production factors, resulting in a temporary or permanent loss of professional ability to work. As a rule, these are inhalation poisonings.

A chronic occupational disease is a disease that occurs as a result of prolonged exposure to harmful production factors, resulting in a temporary or permanent loss of professional ability to work. The vast majority of occupational diseases (about 95%) are chronic.

Practice shows that painful changes in the body can accumulate imperceptibly for years and suddenly manifest as a serious occupational disease. Therefore, occupational diseases often lead to occupational disability workers. In addition, the mortality of people with occupational diseases from common diseases that have joined and develop under the influence of harmful production factors is ten times higher than among the population as a whole.

Most occupational diseases require diagnosis in specialized medical treatment facilities, where workers are sent with suspicious symptoms, possibly caused by an occupational disease.

Another fairly common adverse consequence of exposure to adverse working conditions is injury.

According to the type of impact on the body (mechanical, electrical and electromagnetic, temperature, radiation or chemical), injuries can be classified as mechanical, electrical, light, thermal (cold), radiation. These are falls, blows, bruises, bites, cuts, punctures, wounds, fractures, crushing, burns, frostbite, electric shocks, electric shocks, blindness, heat strokes, etc.

Suffocation (asphyxia), arising from the lack of oxygen or foreign objects entering the lungs (including drowning), are also forms of injury, since they lead to a rapid disruption of the normal functional state of the body. The severity of injury during injury varies and may result in on-site first aid, treatment, disability, disability or death.

Among all injuries, those injuries in which a person is unable to work for some time are highlighted.

The most serious injuries result in professional disabilities (inability to work in the profession) or general disability (impossibility to work at all) of the worker and even to death. To refer to injuries that led to death, a special term is used - "fatal injury".

Minor cuts, sprains, and other relatively minor injuries are often called microtraumas.

In itself, the trauma of the human body is a purely medical phenomenon. However, an injury received in the process of work is already a medical and social phenomenon: if the victim cannot work, then on what means will he (if he is alive) and his dependents live? This means that the victim, in principle, should receive somewhere from someone some means of life that compensate him for the harm caused by the injury.

From this point of view, of all injuries received in the process of labor, there are industrial injuriesthat have socially significant consequences: the death of an employee or the need to transfer him to another job (in Russia - for a period of at least one day); temporary or permanent loss of working capacity by an employee for a certain period (in Russia - at least one day).

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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