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OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
General concepts of human labor activity. Occupational Safety and Health
Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection Today labor is the basis for the well-being and sustainable development of all mankind. However, since labor is very often a difficult and dangerous occupation, since many people want to live without doing labor, the role and importance of labor is often belittled, even shameful. History has already convincingly proved that those states and societies where, at some stage of development, labor ceased to be considered an honorable and necessary occupation, collapsed relatively quickly, and then disappeared, absorbed by more "industrious" neighbors. The same fate is now threatening our country, where the spirit of profit has taken precedence over the harsh rationality of being - the daily need to work fruitfully. Labor, like any human activity, is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon of the material world, including its social structure, and at the same time a phenomenon of the personal (and hence mental) life of almost everyone. The basis of everything issimple labor process (it is also called "living labor", but even more often it is simply called "labor", which introduces further confusion), carried out by a working person (subject of labor) by transformation subject of labor through means of labor в product of labor. The simple process of labor vividly personifies the process of transformation of the external world by man. The variety of types of various labor is inexhaustible, and you can build a lot of all kinds of its classifications, but we will turn to historically probably the very first and most common (including so far) type of labor - physical labor. Physical labor is one of the main forms of a simple labor process, which is characterized by the predominance of physical activity over mental. In physical labor, a person mainly uses his muscle energy and strength to "activate" the means and tools of labor to transform the object of labor into a product of labor and partially "controls" this "action". Physical labor may require significant physical effort (for example, when lifting or moving weights) or high tension, when some movement must be performed at a high rhythm, or endurance, when some action must be performed for a long time. The whole progress of mankind is connected with "liberation" from physical labor. In the beginning, all physical labor was manual labor (in modern phraseology - non-mechanized and non-automated). RџSЂRё mechanized labor (when performing the same overall work), in general, the severity of labor decreases, but for a number of operations, the intensity of work increases, requiring greater attention and coordination of human movements. Automated labor displaces a person from a simple labor process, leaving behind him the functions of participation in other simple labor processes associated with the development, adjustment, control. Mental labor is the second of the main forms of a simple labor process, which is characterized by the predominance of mental (mental) load over purely physical (muscular). In the process of mental labor, a person mainly uses his intellectual capabilities. Technological progress in automation and informatization of all types of activities inevitably reduces the role of physical labor and increases the role of mental labor. Some problems disappear, others arise. Responsibility of the operator for the timely recognition of signal information and making the right decision (for example, a driver, an electric locomotive driver, an aircraft pilot, a nuclear power plant dispatcher, etc.), the speed of changing situations (for example, an airfield dispatcher), the incessant monotony of reproductive labor that requires attention and concentration (supermarket cashier) and much more put previously non-existent problems of facilitating mental work on the agenda of the XNUMXst century. The nature of labor changes significantly when several people start working instead of one person. Practitioners are well aware that the organization of labor of one person, or two people, or three or more people are completely different tasks, introducing their own problems into the planned implementation of a simple labor process. Man is a social being, and labor is the source of all wealth, and therefore labor has a dual character. It is not only a simple process of labor to transform the material world, but also social attitude people involved (directly or indirectly). social character labor is due to the form of ownership of the means of production and is associated with the right to appropriate the product of labor. On this basis, one distinguishes private labor (owner or tenant) and wage labor. The social nature of labor (as a source of livelihood and wealth) is also manifested in the formation of ways to motivate labor (desire, perceived need, coercion). Note that hard forms of physical labor (hard labor in quarries, road construction, tunnels, galleys, etc.) were used and are used to punishconvicted. The worldwide and universal division of labor, the unrestrained growth of the scale of modern commodity production led to the dominance of wage labor, often also called professional. Wage labor is the result of the need to work consciously by the employee in order not to die of hunger and at the same time the employer hiring him, consciously aware of the need to attract workers to carry out the production process he is implementing in order to receive a profit as a result. Different kinds specific labor are subdivided depending on their intended purpose, scope of application and functional role in production activities. For the general characteristics of a particular labor, all its possible distinguishing features are used in their combination. Like any other activity, labor activity contains various dangers, including dangers to the life and health of a person employed in a simple labor process. To protect against them, you need to know and be able to do a lot. Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.
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