Social partnership. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
Free library / Occupational Safety and Health

Social partnership. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Social partnership serves to harmonize the conflicting interests of workers and employers in market conditions. The general regulation of social partnership is carried out in accordance with Section II of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation.

Social partnership - a system of relations between employees (and their representatives) and employers (and their representatives), as well as state authorities and local governments, aimed at ensuring the coordination of the interests of employees and employers on the regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them.

The parties to the social partnership are employees and employers represented by duly authorized representatives.

State authorities and local governments are parties to social partnership in cases where they act as employers, as well as in other cases provided for by labor legislation (Article 25 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation)

Social partnership is carried out in the following forms (Article 27 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation):

collective negotiations on the preparation of draft collective agreements, agreements and the conclusion of collective agreements, agreements;
mutual consultations (negotiations) on the regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them, ensuring guarantees of the labor rights of employees and improving labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms;
participation of employees and their representatives in the management of the organization;
participation of representatives of employees and employers in the resolution of labor disputes.

Representatives of employees in social partnerships are: trade unions and their associations, other trade union organizations provided for by the charters of all-Russian trade unions, interregional trade unions or other representatives elected by employees in cases provided for by the Labor Code of the Russian Federation (Article 29).

The regulation of labor relations and other relations directly related to them can be carried out by concluding, amending, supplementing collective agreements, agreements, labor contracts by employees and employers.

Collective agreements, agreements, as well as labor contracts cannot contain conditions that reduce the level of rights and guarantees of employees established by labor legislation. If such conditions are included in a collective agreement, agreement or employment contract, then they cannot be applied.

A collective agreement is a legal act that regulates social and labor relations in an organization or with an individual entrepreneur and is concluded by employees and the employer represented by their representatives (Article 40 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The collective agreement is concluded for a period of not more than three years and comes into force from the date of its signing by the parties or from the date established by the collective agreement.

The parties have the right to extend the validity of the collective agreement for a period not exceeding three years (Article 43 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation).

The content of the collective agreement is determined by the parties and is aimed at solving urgent problems of the social development of the labor collective, at meeting the material and spiritual needs of workers. The agreement may include mutual obligations of the employer and employees on issues of labor and employment of employees, on wages, on working hours and rest time, on improving working conditions, on material incentives, etc.

To resolve disagreements during collective bargaining, the parties use conciliation procedures.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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Compact tokamak warmed up to a record 100 million kelvins 27.05.2023

Researchers from the British company Tokamak Energy Ltd, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (USA), and the Institute for Energy and Climate Research (Germany) have set a plasma temperature record for a spherical tokamak.

The ST40 is compact: the size of the working chamber is no more than 80 centimeters in diameter. The ions inside the reactor were heated to over 100 million kelvins (about 100 million degrees Celsius, or 8,6 kiloelectronvolts).

"An ion temperature of over five kiloelectronvolts has never been achieved before in any spherical tokamak. They were obtained only in much larger devices with a much higher plasma heating power," the scientists explained. Their work has been published in the journal Nuclear Fusion.

Note that for small spherical tokamaks, reaching such temperatures is a very difficult task. Therefore, the fact that this was achieved on a commercial spheromak looks like a good achievement for the British.

At the same time, against the background of the most productive modern thermonuclear reactors, this indicator is not high, and the energy efficiency of the British spheromak is quite moderate.

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