Compliance with the regime of work and rest. Occupational Safety and Health

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
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Compliance with the regime of work and rest. Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health

Occupational Safety and Health / Legislative basis for labor protection

Work and rest mode consists of working time and rest time.

Working time - the time during which the employee, in accordance with the internal labor regulations of the organization and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with laws and other regulatory legal acts, are related to working time. Normal working hours may not exceed 40 hours per week.

The employer is required to keep track of the time actually worked by each employee.

Reduced hours of work

The reduced working time is established:

for employees under the age of sixteen - no more than 24 hours a week;
for employees aged sixteen to eighteen years - no more than 35 hours per week;
for employees who are disabled people of group I or II - no more than 35 hours a week;
for workers employed in jobs with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions - no more than 36 hours a week in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations.

The duration of working time for students of educational institutions under the age of eighteen, working during the school year in their free time, cannot exceed half of the norms established by part 1 of article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation for persons of the corresponding age.

The Labor Code and other federal laws may establish reduced working hours for other categories of employees (pedagogical, medical and other employees).

Part-time work

By agreement between the employee and the employer, part-time work or a part-time work week can be established both at the time of employment and subsequently. The employer is obliged to establish a part-time or part-time work week at the request of a pregnant woman, one of the parents (guardian, guardian) who has a child under the age of fourteen (a disabled child under the age of eighteen), as well as a person caring for the sick family member in accordance with the medical report. When working on a part-time basis, the employee is paid in proportion to the time worked by him or depending on the amount of work performed by him.

Part-time work does not entail any restrictions on the duration of the annual basic paid leave, the calculation of length of service and other labor rights for employees.

Duration of daily work (shift)

The duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:

for employees aged fifteen to sixteen - 5 hours, for those aged sixteen to eighteen years - 7 hours;
for students of general educational institutions, educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, combining study with work during the academic year, at the age of fourteen to sixteen years - 2,5 hours, at the age of sixteen to eighteen years - 4 hours;
for the disabled - in accordance with a medical certificate issued in accordance with the procedure established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

For workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) hazardous working conditions, where a reduced duration of working time is established, the maximum permissible duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:

with a 36-hour work week - 8 hours;
with a 30-hour work week or less - 6 hours.

The duration of the daily work (shift) of creative workers in the media, cinematography organizations, television and video crews, theaters, theater and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibition) of works, professional athletes in accordance with lists of jobs, professions, positions of these employees, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian tripartite commission for the regulation of social and labor relations, may be established by a collective agreement, a local normative act, an employment contract.

Working hours on the eve of non-working holidays and weekends

The duration of the working day or shift immediately preceding a non-working holiday is reduced by one hour. In continuously operating organizations and in certain types of work, where it is impossible to reduce the duration of work (shift) on the holiday day, processing is compensated by providing the employee with additional rest time or, with the consent of the employee, payment according to the norms established for overtime work. On the eve of the weekend, the duration of work with a six-day working week cannot exceed five hours.

Work at night

Night time is from 22:6 to XNUMX:XNUMX. The duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without further development. The duration of work (shift) at night is not reduced for employees who have a reduced working time, as well as for employees hired specifically for work at night, unless otherwise provided by the collective agreement.

The duration of work at night is equalized with the duration of work in the daytime in cases where it is necessary for working conditions, as well as in shift work with a six-day working week with one day off. The list of the specified works can be determined by the collective agreement, the local normative act. To work at night are not allowed: pregnant women; employees under the age of eighteen, with the exception of persons involved in the creation and (or) performance of works of art, and other categories of employees in accordance with the Labor Code of the Russian Federation and other federal laws.

Authors: Fainburg G.Z., Ovsyankin A.D., Potemkin V.I.

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Neurons with ears 27.09.2015

Neuroscientists often use optogenetic methods, where neurons in the brain of a test mouse are activated by light. The neuron is supplied with a photosensitive membrane protein, which, under the action of light, opens ion channels in the membrane; the redistribution of ions between the inner and outer sides of the membrane generates a nerve impulse. Light can be "conducted" into the brain with the help of a fiber optic light guide, as far as the gene for a photosensitive protein, then genetic engineering tricks come to the rescue. Optogenetics allows you to selectively control clearly defined groups of neurons, which, of course, gives us a lot of information about the work of individual nerve circuits and entire regions of the brain.

But light is not the only switch that can be used here. Researchers at Salk University have created an alternative sonogenetic method, named after the optogenetic one. By the name, you can understand that here we are talking about sound, or rather, about ultrasound, which triggers a neural impulse. Ultrasound causes mechanical vibrations, that is, neurons need an ion channel that opens and closes in response to a mechanical stimulus. Stuart Ibsen and his colleagues used TRP-4 as such a channel, activating its gene in various nerve cells of the roundworm, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

In order for the ultrasonic signal to work, it was transmitted not through air, but through water, in which dishes with worms were immersed. For additional enhancement, a lipid solution was also added: after removing the solvent, the lipids formed a layer of microbubbles, which served as additional resonators. With the help of short sound impulses, it was possible to make freely crawling worms change the direction of movement or regulate the frequency of contractions of the body. The specific effect depended on which neurons were equipped with "ears" - the mechanosensitive membrane protein TRP-4. By itself, it belongs to the genome of the nematode, so if you try to do the same in mice or rats, you will first have to find out how TRP-4 will behave in a completely unrelated organism. However, according to the authors of the work, for these purposes, one can try to change the protein itself, increasing its efficiency and compatibility with foreign cells, or else find some other natural analogues. The experimental results are published in Nature Communications.

The advantage of sonogenetics is that there is no need to introduce a sound guide into the body - ultrasonic vibrations come to neurons from outside. (However, it is worth noting that options have appeared in optogenetics when researchers are limited to external light irradiation with increased permeability, and light-sensitive proteins in neurons respond to a signal reaching them through the thickness of tissues.) In addition, the authors of the new method propose the use of multichannel sound so that different neurons "hear" something of their own, and as a result, it would be possible to immediately observe the work of several nerve circuits.

Previously, there have already appeared works devoted to the stimulating effect of ultrasound on the brain of animals and humans; and Sony even patented a technique that would allow gamers to smell, taste and hear sounds, all thanks to sound stimulation. In the case of sonogenetics, we are talking about the most specific effect, focused on individual nerve cells, however, due to the necessary genetic engineering manipulations, this method is unlikely to ever be used on humans.

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