Prevention of crime and ways to protect against it. OBZhD

BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
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Prevention of crime and ways to protect against it. Fundamentals of safe life

Fundamentals of Safe Life Activities (OBZhD)

In order to carry out preventive work and effectively defend against criminal encroachments, it is necessary not only to have an idea of the causes and state of crime, but also, if I may say so, to know the "social portrait" of criminals of various criminal "professions". Of course, it is impossible, and it is hardly necessary to consider all types of crimes so let's stop on the most dangerous and common.

The most dangerous crime is killing a person. The Constitution of the Russian Federation puts the right to life in first place among all the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. According to statistics, among the criminals who committed the murders, persons who do not have a permanent source of income and place of residence stand out. More than half of the murders are committed by people under the influence of alcohol. Lawyers name the following motives for such crimes: in order to take possession of an apartment due to non-payment of a debt or failure to fulfill an agreement between commercial structures, in order to get rid of a person who owns compromising information; for the purpose of taking possession of property or things; murders on family grounds or out of hooligan motives. The extreme danger of murder-related crimes forces law enforcement agencies and the public to pay special attention to the behavior of people prone to violence, to strengthen control over them.

Very dangerous crimes are gang attacks, extortion (racket) other, infringing on the rights and freedoms of citizens. Racketeering, in turn, is fertile ground for the formation of stable armed groups (gangs) in order to attack citizens or organizations. As a rule, young people aged 18 to 29 are engaged in racketeering, a significant number of them do not have a permanent source of income. These crimes not only violate the rights of citizens to inviolability of the person and free economic activity, they are especially dangerous because they threaten their life and health. The commission of such crimes, especially racketeering, is possible for a long time and systematically, since citizens do not always turn to law enforcement agencies for protection and assistance. Legal practice shows that gangs and organized groups of racketeers exist from several months to three years. Their members, as a rule, know each other well, many of them served their sentences together in places of deprivation of liberty. Rapid identification of a gang and a group of racketeers is possible only with timely appeal to law enforcement agencies, which, along with other measures, helps prevent new criminal acts.

One of the most dangerous and widespread types of crimes at present is crimes associated with the illegal acquisition, sale, manufacture of weapons and explosives and their theft. Weapons and explosives are used to commit terrorist acts, murders, etc. Crimes of this kind are committed mainly by adults, men, as a rule, residents of cities. Weapons are stolen, which is facilitated by their irresponsible storage, they are obtained by smuggling, they are found in places where hostilities were previously fought, they are brought from "hot spots". Weapons and explosives are especially dangerous when they are used by people who are intoxicated or prone to violence. Often such crimes are committed by previously convicted people. Arms trafficking is becoming one of the most profitable businesses. To stop this kind of criminal activity, law enforcement agencies and all citizens must be especially vigilant.

Increased public danger is represented by crimes, associated with drug trafficking. They involve ever wider circles of citizens in criminal activities, threaten their health and life, endanger the national security of the country. An analysis of the social composition of persons involved in the illegal distribution of drugs shows that an increasing number of women, minors and those with previous convictions are involved in this criminal business. More than half of them do not have a permanent source of income.

Drugs are supplied to Russia from Ukraine, Transcaucasia and Central Asia. Drugs also come from far abroad, both for distribution on Russian territory and for further promotion to European countries. Most often this is done by organized criminal groups. The most important problem at the present time is the identification of brothels and clandestine laboratories where drugs are manufactured. It should be noted that there are quite a lot of such laboratories. Professional criminals involve in the manufacture of drugs people with higher and secondary specialized education, who, after the reduction of a number of research institutes and industries, were out of work. Illicit drug trafficking is dangerous because drug addicts, in order to get them, commit crimes, including serious ones. Identification of illegal drug trafficking, persons who are engaged in this activity, is the duty of all citizens of Russia. It is necessary to fight this evil by joint efforts.

One of the most common crimes against public order is hooliganism. It violates the normal conditions of work, rest and life of citizens, is often accompanied by violence against a person, destruction or damage to property, resistance to law enforcement officials, and also ends in causing serious damage to the health of citizens or even murder. Hooliganism is committed mainly by persons in a state of intoxication, minors, and there is an increase in group hooliganism. Often hooligans are previously convicted, and almost half of them are persons without a permanent source of income. More than half have working specialties and secondary education. A "classic" example of hooligan manifestations is a drunken brawl in public places, offensive and intrusive pestering of citizens. Hooligans who illegally acquire firearms are becoming more and more dangerous. With regret, we have to state that in the commission of hooligan actions, which were previously the "prerogative" of men, women also take an active part. Hooliganism is one of the consequences of disrespect for society, a violation of elementary rules of conduct. Law enforcement agencies, as well as local governments, need to restore old and develop new methods of preventing these crimes, and activate public associations for the protection of order.

It has long been known in Russia such a criminally punishable act as theft, i.e. secret theft of another's property. It should be noted that in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the number of thefts increased sharply, and their detection rate is still quite low. Most of the thieves are citizens who do not have a permanent source of income. As practice shows, thefts are different: they steal from apartments and from warehouses, from offices of different companies, from enterprises and construction sites, from university classrooms and laboratories, from schools and kindergartens. Such a situation urgently requires that all citizens and organizations increase their attention to ensuring the safety of their property and provide effective assistance to law enforcement agencies.

One of the crimes that causes significant harm, especially to citizens, is fraud - theft of another's property by deceit or breach of trust. This is how activities for the organization of various "financial pyramids" are classified. It should be noted that in recent years the number of fraudulent crimes has been decreasing. Their peak was in 1993-1995. The social composition of swindlers can be judged on the basis of data for St. Petersburg. Basically, these are people over 0 years old, although the stratum of young people is also quite high (in different years it ranged from 30 to 40%), about a third are women. In 55-1997 from 2000 to 25% of fraudsters had higher and secondary specialized education, and from 40 to 30% were previously convicted, mostly local residents, from 40 to 52% people who do not have a permanent source of income.

Fraudsters commit crimes in a variety of ways. Many of them use the gullibility of citizens, their ignorance of elementary legal regulations, as well as the desire to get some kind of income in the current difficult life situation. It is not uncommon for commercial banks to deceive the trust of depositors. Very often fraud is committed when exchanging currency from random persons. A very common type of it are various kinds of games in which people are involved in the streets and in crowded public places. Fraud is largely the result of the excessive gullibility of citizens, when they, hoping to make a profit, do not check the authority, proper paperwork and the right of citizens, firms to conduct certain operations. As a result, a person finds himself in a difficult situation, from which it is sometimes difficult to get out without financial and moral losses.

Another type of crime corrupt practices. According to jurists, at present this problem has become particularly acute and politically significant in our country. At the same time, bribery and the most directly related corruption have not been adequately reflected in Russian legislation. So far, the term "corruption", widely used in practice and in research, is not endowed with a specific legal content. In Russia, corruption is traditionally associated with taking bribes and abuse of office on this basis.

Practice shows that bribe-takers, unlike other types of criminals, as a rule, are mature people (average age is about 40 years), who have no previous convictions, and who have a higher or specialized secondary education. According to the data for 2001, officials of the state administration bodies, including those from the system of internal affairs bodies, prevailed among corrupt officials. Most often, bribes were given for renting premises, for providing various benefits and benefits in circumvention of the procedure established by law, including in the process of privatization of state property, for exemption from administrative or criminal liability.

Along with bribery, the commission of malpractice, acts contrary to the interests of the service, which undoubtedly harms the interests of society and the state, violates the rights of citizens. The fight against these phenomena is a common cause, but the state control bodies are called upon to play the most significant role in it.

The types of criminal offenses considered above, of course, do not exhaust their entire arsenal. However, there is every reason to state that both society and the state must take decisive measures to protect their citizens. At the same time, it is necessary not only to eradicate the causes of crime, but also to equip the population with knowledge of ways to protect against criminal encroachments, to learn how to apply them in practice.

Extreme situations of a criminal nature, unfortunately, are a very common phenomenon in modern Russia, so the issue of survival in them. There are no unambiguous recipes for how to behave in this or that case. In addition, in a state of stress, not every person is able to adequately respond to a dangerous situation. However, there are still some general rules of conduct that can help, and therefore they need to be known.

An analysis of criminal situations suggests that very often people suffer because of their own negligence, inability or unwillingness to foresee the consequences of their actions, assess the degree of their protection and take the necessary measures. Psychologists and criminologists from different countries, analyzing crimes against a person, came to the disappointing conclusion that 10-90% of all crimes committed were provoked to some extent by the victims themselves. Thus arose a whole science, called "victimology", or the science of victim psychology.

Manifestations of victimization can be divided, albeit rather conditionally, into several types:

victimization of items, which manifests itself in the fact that the victim with some objects, as it were, gives a signal to the criminal that he is “ready” to become a victim (dried flowers on the windowsill or a full mailbox of correspondence, indicating a long absence of the owners, a note on the door about the time of returning home, a demonstration of expensive jewelry, money when making late walks around the city, etc., they clearly lead the criminals to the victim);
victimization of gestures, when a person hides something from prying eyes, constantly checking his bag or pockets, and the more carefully he does this, the more he betrays his secret, since it costs nothing for a criminal "specialist" to check what is so persistently trying to hide him "client";
victimization of behavior lies in the careless actions that people often take (an open window on the first floor in the absence of the owners, the key to the apartment under the rug or in the mailbox, a very “candid” outfit of a girl returning home late at night along back streets, her consent to go with a stranger to an apartment or a hotel to listen to music, etc.).

In victimology, there is such a thing as a victim time of the year. So, for example, in winter there are more robberies and thefts of expensive fur things, and there are fewer rapes, etc. There are also victim weeks, days, hours. And if you know them and anticipate extreme situations, then the risk of becoming a victim of violence or robbery will decrease.

Forecasting extreme situations of a criminal nature allows you to prevent danger or prepare in time to meet it. An analysis of the criminal events that have taken place shows that in the overwhelming majority of cases people acted one way or another, completely unaware of the possible consequences of their actions. It is very useful to pre-play the situation - this will help you feel confident when you meet a real danger.

In an extreme situation related to crime, it is important to make a decision quickly, be able to improvise, control yourself, distinguish between real and imaginary dangers, correctly assess people, be independent and self-reliant, firm and decisive, but be able to obey the circumstances, if necessary. It is important not to lose heart and strive to find a way out even when it seems that there is none, using all possible means for this. The ability to overcome fear is essential in a dangerous situation. Controlled fear mobilizes physical strength, activates the intellect, sharpens attention, helps to get out of difficult situations.

It should be remembered that an unpredictable criminal situation is fraught with the most unpredictable consequences. Forecast, study, if they do not make it absolutely safe, then at least they allow you to meet it fully armed, and possibly avoid it.

The main guarantees for the safety of any person are the maintenance of a normal lifestyle, the exclusion of casual acquaintances, foresight, knowledge of areas of increased criminal danger and the rules of behavior in them.

Areas of increased criminal danger there may be crowded places (markets, train stations, transport, stadiums, entertainment events, rallies, etc.), secluded places, especially in the evening (vacant lots, construction sites, parks, squares, forest plantations, etc.), as well as basements and attics of houses, abandoned and demolished buildings, empty warehouses, sheds and other buildings.

Here are some expert advice on how to avoid extreme dangers of a criminal nature on the street:

avoid solo walks in deserted places, especially at night, do not use poorly lit underground passages, be careful at stops;
walk down the street towards traffic so as not to be suddenly attacked from a car;
if a group of teenagers is moving towards you along a deserted street, it is better to go to the other side or turn back;
on the street, stay confident, but not aggressive, so as not to provoke an attack;
avoid using private cars; when getting into a taxi, pay attention to the license plate, do not leave things in the car, even when leaving for a short time, do not show the driver large sums of money, do not get out of the car if the driver asks to "push" it from behind;
when pursuing, run to a crowded place, if the pursuer overtakes, then do not be shy to shout loudly and call for help;
when attacked by a criminal, avoid immediately responding to his violent actions, especially if he is armed and you do not have confidence in the ability to defend yourself, you should not run if you are not sure that this will succeed;
in case of provocative harassment, especially by several people, do not respond to ridicule and rudeness, try to go to a safer place.

Serious danger to humans - street theft. To avoid becoming a victim, use the following advice:

avoid crowded places, and in crowded places - "flea market";
when going shopping, take only the necessary amount of money with you, it is unacceptable to take all the cash in the house;
carry money without a wallet in inside, zippered pockets of clothes, and not in the back pocket of your trousers or in a grocery bag; if there are no inside pockets, the wallet with money should be stored in the middle section of the purse, and the purse should be moved forward so that it is constantly visible; you can not check the money, constantly feeling the place where they lie;
be on the lookout and protect the money if a crowd and running around suddenly begin, as thieves often resort to "playing performances" to divert the attention of the chosen victim from the wallet.

Now let's turn to ways to protect your home. Our home should be the safest and most secure place. However, statistics show that a lot of extreme situations of a criminal nature occur on the way to the dwelling (in the entrance, in the elevator). Here are some elementary regulationsto avoid them:

it is necessary to strengthen the front door in the entrance, put a combination lock or intercom, lock the doors leading to the attic and basement;
you need to make sure that the light is always on in front of the entrance and in the entrance;
you should not enter the entrance or the elevator with strangers, under a plausible pretext it is better to get out of the elevator if suspicious people got into it;
being inside the cabin with strangers, you can not turn your back on them or demonstrate your negative attitude;
in case of an attack for the purpose of robbery, you should immediately, without resistance, give money and valuables.

For many years, criminal statistics have stated the relative stability of the methods of burglary. So, 40-45% of them account for penetration into an apartment by breaking, 30-35% - by selecting keys and master keys to locks, 20-25% - by penetrating through windows and vents. The remaining thefts are committed by "free access", that is, when the victim either brought and left the criminal at home, or did not close the front doors, etc.

Let's list some ways to deal with burglaries:

strengthening doors, locks, windows, balconies, installing peepholes, latches, chains, alarms, etc.;
observance of elementary vigilance when leaving the apartment and entering it (you cannot leave the door unlocked even for a short time, leaving to close windows, vents, balconies, etc.);
verification of documents and double-checking by calls to the relevant organizations the credentials of visitors who introduced themselves as officials, refusal to open the door for a search without a warrant from the prosecutor and attesting witnesses (preferably neighbors);
in suspicious cases - calls to the police, calls for help from neighbors or passers-by;
forbidding children to open the door in the absence of adults, teaching them how to communicate with relatives and neighbors in case of danger.

Speaking about the security of the home, it must be remembered that, choosing the objects of criminal encroachment, "uninvited guests" rarely steal without prior information about the apartment and the owners, which they receive from the media, where people often turn to publish advertisements for the sale of property or on other occasions, from acquaintances and neighbors, as well as from future victims themselves. In order to information protection it is recommended to observe the following regulations:

when contacting the media or posting advertisements for the sale of things, you cannot indicate the home phone number and the time when you can find the seller of the house, as this allows the criminal to "visit" the apartment in his absence;
you should not install catchy entrance doors to the apartment and hang out signs with the owner's profession;
it is advisable to hang the windows of the apartment with thick curtains or close the blinds;
you can show the apartment only to well-known, trusted people;
it is not necessary to demonstrate the real standard of living, children need to be explained that it is impossible to talk about family wealth;
hire tutors, construction workers, housekeepers should be only on the recommendation of friends;
in case of a long absence at home, it is necessary to turn down the volume of the phone ringer: a handset that is not removed for a long time is a signal of the absence of the owners of the apartment;
it is impossible to let into the apartment service workers who appeared without a call, or the police, the prosecutor's office, other state institutions without presenting documents;
telephone requests for information about the apartment and its owners should not be answered.

The fastest and most reliable way to receive compensation for material damage in case of burglary is property insurance.

Considering the problem of protecting a person from criminal encroachments, it is impossible to bypass such a widespread crime today as fraud(Fig. 3). All methods of fraud can be divided into two types: committed by deception and by breach of trust.

Deception - this is a way of influencing the human psyche, which consists in deliberately misleading another person while maintaining the delusion that he already has by transmitting information that does not correspond to reality or silence about various facts, things, phenomena, actions, etc., in order to incline this person to certain behavior.

Fraud methods are divided into verbal (verbal - oral and written) as the main means of psychological influence and non-verbal - hanging, measuring, the use of uniforms, insignia, orders, cheating, various gestures, signs, etc.

Abuse of trust also associated with deceit, but the action is directed at those who knew the fraudster before they were deceived by him. This usually happens under the guise of a loan of money or the provision of services, and, as a rule, formalities are observed, civil obligations are concluded. Main fraud protection methods are as follows:

be vigilant when conducting financial transactions (in particular, you should not enter into dubious currency exchange transactions, but if this cannot be avoided, it is advisable to ask two or three close comrades to be present during the exchange procedure, you should not let the money out of your hands, and the seller out of sight, until there is certainty that the money is genuine);
be careful when lending money or lending property (cars, apartments, cottages, etc.) even to well-known people, do not hesitate to formalize such operations with a notary, while it is necessary to clearly and definitely stipulate the terms of the transaction and the terms for returning money or property ;
refrain from gambling, especially on the street and in suspicious places (at stations, on the train, in drinking establishments, etc.), any "accidentally" selected company for the game should inspire suspicion, as well as a quick win, for which follow the complete and irretrievable loss of money and jewelry;
do not use the services of dubious persons and offices in real estate transactions, especially when buying and exchanging an apartment;
do not be seduced by the cheapness of purchases and services, as there may be a serious problem behind this (attempts to sell stolen or substandard goods, organizationally or legally unsecured tour packages, etc.).

Prevention of crime and ways to protect against it
Rice. 3. Ways to commit fraud

The main rule, following which will help to avoid the threat of fraud, is a short and capacious formula - do not take unnecessary risks and think what you are doing.

In conclusion, we note that the natural reaction of a person in an extreme situation of a criminal nature is self defense. It is legitimate and necessary. The conscious behavior of people who know and do not know how to defend themselves is completely different. A person who knows how and knows how to protect himself will remain calm in all situations. The actions of the defender must be resolute and courageous, able to really stop the criminal encroachment. However, it should be remembered that in self-defense it is impossible to go beyond its limits. This will be discussed in a later chapter of this tutorial.

These are, in general terms, some ways to protect a person from criminal encroachments. Their knowledge and ability to apply in extreme criminal situations is the key to preserving the health and life of all citizens of our state.

Conclusions

Criminal danger is a serious problem for society and the state. In fact, we are talking about a threat to national security, which requires a resolute and uncompromising fight against such a dangerous social phenomenon as crime.

The growth of crime is influenced by the destabilization of the socio-political situation, destructive processes in the economy, the social polarization of society, the decline in the living standards of the majority of the people and the fall of the general culture. Therefore, one of the most important tasks of society and the state is to stabilize the socio-political and economic situation in the country, increase the legal culture of the people and strengthen the struggle of law enforcement agencies against criminal manifestations.

In the fight against crime, not only state measures and actions of law enforcement agencies are important, but also its prevention, as well as the willingness and ability of the population to resist crime.

The latter requires knowledge of ways to protect against this very dangerous social phenomenon and the ability to apply them adequately to the prevailing extreme situation.

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