Characteristics of conventional means of destruction and methods of protection against them. OBZhD

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Characteristics of conventional means of destruction and methods of protection against them. Fundamentals of safe life

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К conventional means of destruction include aerial bombs of various designs, shells, mines, torpedoes, rockets filled with explosives or special mixtures.

Due to the special design and high accuracy of hitting the target, modern conventional weapons have an increased damaging and destructive effect, bringing them closer to low-yield nuclear weapons.

Qualitative changes in conventional weapons are most clearly represented by the development and improvement of aviation munitions, which will pose the greatest danger to the population and national economy facilities in a nuclear-free war.

Shrapnel ammunition designed to target the unprotected population. The striking effect is achieved due to the large number of fragments resulting from the crushing of a steel spiral bar during the explosion of the main explosive charge. The bomb explosion occurs at a height of 5-20 m above the ground, which ensures the defeat of a large area. Thus, a fragmentation bomb weighing 125 kg strikes an area of 100 × 75 m.

Cluster munitions are intended to destroy people, equipment and other targets over large areas. They are ordinary large-caliber air bombs, equipped with small-sized ammunition of various types: instantaneous fragmentation fuses to destroy personnel of civil defense formations, the population, and equipment located outside shelters; fragmentation with mine-type fuses - for mining port facilities, airfields, railway stations and other objects of the national economy.

guided aerial bombs are designed to destroy industrial, administrative facilities, transport hubs and highways, energy, communications, gas supply enterprises, etc. The bomb is dropped from an aircraft that does not fly over the target, which reduces the possibility of hitting it with air defense systems.

The warhead of an aerial bomb can carry a high-explosive charge of increased power or a cassette filled with small-sized ammunition.

Bomb cassettes of volumetric (vacuum) explosion explode on impact with the ground as a result of the expelling charge. The design of the hull and the characteristics of the expelling charge ensure the spread of liquid and the formation of a gas-air cloud with a diameter of about 15 m and a thickness of 2,5 m. When it is undermined by an initiating device, a hard shock wave with an overpressure of up to 3 MPa is created. The effectiveness of the impact of such ammunition on people, equipment and structures is almost 10 times higher than fragmentation and high-explosive of the same caliber. A cloud of gas-air mixture is able to penetrate ("leak") into various recesses and crevices, so protective structures can be blown up from the inside. In addition to a powerful shock wave, an oxygen-depleted atmosphere is formed at the site of the explosion, poisoned by combustion products, which is an additional damaging factor. This barbaric American-made weapon was used by the Israeli aggressors in the fall of 1982 against the civilian population of Lebanon. The US military used volumetric bombs in 1969 during the fighting in Vietnam.

Concrete bombs are intended for the destruction of particularly strong and buried structures, concrete runways, dams, tunnels. The striking effect is achieved due to the high dynamic characteristics and design features of the warhead, made in the form of two charges: a cumulative one - for making a hole in an obstacle, and a high-explosive one - a conventional explosive. The effectiveness of the ammunition is 10 times that of a conventional high-explosive bomb of the same caliber.

Incendiary Bombs explode after being dropped from an aircraft. During the explosion, the explosive charge destroys the body of the bomb, and the contents in the form of burning particles scatter in all directions, creating a lesion. The area affected by a 750-pound bomb can reach 4 m². In addition to thermal effects, the combustion of some mixtures releases highly toxic substances (hydrogen chloride, hydrocyanic acid vapor, benzene), which makes it difficult to eliminate fires and requires special protective equipment.

small incendiary bombs (napalm) aviation cassettes can be equipped. Each cassette contains 670 small-sized incendiary bombs weighing 0,4 kg each, which ensures the creation of a fire zone on an area of 0,12-0,15 km². Using the "scorched earth tactics", the Americans dropped about 100 napalm bombs on cities and towns during the military operations in Vietnam. This barbaric experience was widely used by the Israeli military in Lebanon.

Conventional weapons pose a danger to people in open areas. Therefore, it should be remembered that the most effective protection against fragments, the shock wave of conventional ammunition and incendiaries is provided by protective structures (shelters, shelters of various types, stone buildings). When forced to stay in open areas, it is necessary to use ravines, ditches, ditches, pits, etc. for protection.

If the incendiary mixture gets on clothes or shoes, they must be quickly removed, and small fires should be tightly covered with a sleeve, hollow clothes, sprinkled with sand, earth. You should not try to throw off the burning mixture, nor should you run, as the increased air flow will contribute to a greater ignition and lead to a more severe defeat. If a large amount of an incendiary substance has fallen on the victim, a cape, tarpaulin, burlap should be thrown over him to stop further ignition.

Timely assistance to the victims is important for reducing the damaging effect of incendiary substances. Bandages moistened with water or a 5% solution of copper sulfate are applied to the affected areas, then they are treated with anesthetics and antibiotics.

In the fight against incendiary munitions, safety measures must be observed. Having found an unexploded incendiary bomb (ammunition), it is necessary to take it to a safe place, using a long hook for this. To protect against burns of the respiratory tract, use cotton-gauze bandages or press any tissue to the mouth.

Early preparation of objects of the national economy and settlements for protection, training of the entire population in methods of protection against modern means of conventional destruction will not only preserve material and cultural values, but also significantly reduce the degree of damage to people.

Authors: Ivanyukov M.I., Alekseev V.S.

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