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BASICS OF SAFE LIFE
Spontaneous natural disasters. Basics of safe life
Directory / Basics of safe life Elemental forces beyond human control cause catastrophes and inflict enormous damage on the population of the planet. In the last 20 years alone, they have claimed more than 3 human lives. About 000 inhabitants of the Earth, according to the UN, experienced the consequences of natural disasters during this period. Mankind suffers from earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, avalanches, forest fires, tsunamis, storms and other natural phenomena that usually occur suddenly. The population should be notified about the threat of natural disasters. The information indicates the nature of the expected disaster, its magnitude, the time of occurrence in the area and the possible consequences, and also recommends what needs to be done before and after the disaster. Earthquake - a natural phenomenon that occurs as a result of a powerful activation of the internal forces of the Earth. The energy released at the same time spreads in the form of seismic waves, causing vibrations of the earth's crust and destruction on its surface. Signs of a nearby earthquake:
behavior during an earthquake. The main thing is not to panic. If you are in an apartment, find a safe place where you can wait out the shocks - the opening of the main wall, the corner formed by the main wall, a place near the column or under the balcony of the building frame. Open the door to the stairwell and stand in the opening. As soon as the tremors stop, go outside immediately. When going down the stairs from the upper floors, be careful: not only steps, but also flights of stairs can be damaged. If you are on one of the first floors - leave the building; being on a high floor - take the safest place: climb under a solid table or bed, cover your head with your hands (at school you need to hide under your desks). Extinguish any fire, turn off electricity and gas. If there are children nearby, cover them with yourself, have time to open the door of the apartment. When the tremors stop, go outside. Do not use the elevator. Beware of stairs and exit doors. If tremors caught you on the street, quickly move away from buildings, power lines, poles, fences. Beware of broken wires! If you are in public transport, it is better to stay in it until the end of the ground wobble; no need to break windows, rush to the doors, thereby creating panic, danger of injury, etc. Drivers of buses, trams, trolleybuses will stop the vehicle and open the doors themselves. If an earthquake caught you in a car, get out of it. In the subway, an earthquake is more dangerous: the main thing is not to give in to general panic. After the tremors, provide first aid to those in need as soon as possible, and try to free those who have fallen into small blockages. Once in the blockage, know: without water and food, the body can last a long time; the first condition in this difficult situation is the presence of mind. Remember: after the first aftershocks may follow. They can occur in a few hours, and sometimes days. Get ready for it. Flood - this is a temporary flooding of a vast area as a result of a rise in the water level in a river, lake or sea. Floods are the result of heavy rains, intense melting of snow (glaciers), destruction of hydraulic structures, wind surges of water from the sea and river mouths, as well as tsunamis - sea waves of seismic or volcanic origin. As a rule, floods are predicted and the population is notified in advance. behavior during a flood. Before leaving the house, everything that water can spoil should be transferred to the upper floors and other non-flooded places; turn off gas and electricity. Then, taking with you the documents and the most necessary things, a small supply of food and water, arrive at the collection point. Evacuation is carried out to large settlements located outside the flood zones. About the sudden onset of flooding (destruction of a hydraulic structure), the population is warned by all available technical means. You should go up to the upper floors, and if the house is one-story, take the attic or go to the roof. The evacuation of the population in this case will be carried out on boats, boats, rafts and other floating facilities. During landing on them, strict discipline must be observed. One should go down into the boat one at a time, stepping on the middle of the flooring, and sit down only at the direction of the elder. During the movement of the boat, you can not change places, get on board; The bow of the boat should be kept perpendicular to the wave. After mooring, one of the passengers must go ashore and hold the boat overboard until all people are on land. Having caught the flood in the field, in the forest, you need to take the most elevated place, climb a tree. The search for people in the flooded area will be organized immediately. A drowning person is approached in a boat against the current, and they lift him from the stern. Urahan - this is an extremely fast, often catastrophic movement of air or wind. A hurricane arises as a result of cyclonic activity in the atmosphere, is one of the most powerful forces of the elements, and in its destructive effect can be compared with an earthquake. Hurricane, as a rule, arises suddenly. A type of hurricane is a storm. Having received a message about an approaching hurricane, close tightly the doors, windows (shutters), attic (ventilation) hatches. From roofs, loggias, balconies, remove objects that can be thrown down by gusts of wind and cause injury to people. Objects located in the yards, secure or bring into the room. Put out the fire in the stove. While indoors, beware of injury from pieces of broken glass. The safest places during a hurricane are the protective structures of civil defense, basements and interiors of the first floors of brick buildings. If a hurricane catches you outside, take cover in the nearest solid building, buried room, natural shelter. Do not go outside immediately after the wind has eased, as the gust may recur after a few minutes. If you are in an open area, it is best to take cover in a ditch, pit, ravine, any recess; lie down on the bottom of the recess and cling to the ground. Fire - an uncontrolled, spontaneously developing combustion process that creates a danger to people's lives. Available means of extinguishing fires are: water, sand, soil, hand-held fire extinguishers, blankets made of dense fabric, and even tree branches, clothing. The main thing when extinguishing is to stop the spread of fire and extinguish not the flame, but the burning surface. The most dangerous are forest fires. Causes: careless handling of fire, violation of fire safety rules, spontaneous combustion of dry vegetation and peat, discharge of atmospheric electricity (lightning). Forest fires have a psychologically strong impact on people, causing panic and leading to numerous casualties. It is necessary to be wary of high temperatures, smoke, falling burnt trees and failures in burnt soil. If a fire caught you in the forest, in the steppe, you should not make hasty decisions. Having found next to you, for example, a rampart of a steppe or ground fire, overcome the edge of the fire against the wind, covering your head and face with outer clothing. If your clothes catch fire, lie down on the ground and roll over to put out the flames. You can’t run: running fanns the flame even more. It is necessary to leave the zone of any forest fire to the windward side, using open spaces (glades, roads, clearings, rivers, etc.), as well as areas of deciduous forest. The main way to protect yourself from a fire is to prevent its occurrence yourself. Lightning - this is a powerful electrical discharge moving from one object (thundercloud) to another, with the opposite charge (earth). Lightning follows the path of least resistance. On impact, it will most likely hit an object protruding above the ground. It could be a tree, a telegraph pole, or a person. Authors: Aizman R.I., Krivoshchekov S.G.
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