LECTURE No. 8. Control over calculations

1. Control over settlements with other debtors and creditors

Control over settlements with other debtors and creditors includes verification of accounts and data in the reporting on account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors".

The methods used to control settlements are identical to the methods for checking external settlements and include the analysis of settlement transactions. The controller-auditor must evaluate the legality of settlement transactions using account 76. For this, it is necessary to study the regulatory framework, instructions for using the chart of accounts.

The controller checks the correctness of accounting entries. When controlling operations on claims, it is necessary to find out the timing of the occurrence of debts and the procedure for submitting claims, the reasons for the occurrence of claims, the procedure for fulfilling claims, the timeliness and correctness of processing documents for a claim, the procedure for extinguishing a claim on bank statements, documents for the supply of goods and materials against a claim, writing off bad debts and the procedure for recognizing them as hopeless.

The correctness and validity of withholding amounts on writ of execution are controlled; for this, accounting data is verified with payroll statements and other documents - grounds for deduction. The timeliness and completeness of the transfer of amounts under executive documents are established. When controlling settlements for property and personal insurance, they check the calculated amounts of insurance payments, the procedure for accruing them in correspondence with accounts for accounting for production costs or other sources of insurance payments, check the completeness and timeliness of transferring the amounts of insurance payments in correspondence with cash accounts.

The controller needs to check the procedure for writing off losses from insured events to the debit of account 76, the procedure and correctness of the insurance indemnity due under the insurance contract for an employee of the organization, the procedure for writing off losses from insured events that are not compensated by insurance indemnities (to the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses").

Analytical accounting on account 76 should be kept for each debtor, creditor, individual contracts and cases of debt. The controller checks the registers of analytical, synthetic, tax accounting, reflecting transactions on settlements with debtors and creditors, compares their data with accounting indicators in order to confirm the accuracy of accounting.

When controlling settlements with debtors and creditors, the internal control system in the organization is assessed in order to assess the risks of errors, violations, distortions in accounting and reporting. Inspection reveals violations:

1) the procedure for filing a claim, missing the deadlines for filing a claim, incorrect execution or incomplete filing of documents on a claim;

2) missed deadlines for collecting debts, limitation periods, unlawful write-off of amounts of debt into bad debts;

3) drawing up fictitious obligations for the purpose of incorrect payments;

4) incorrect accounting entries for settlements with debtors, creditors;

5) reflection on the accounting accounts of unreal receivables and payables;

6) there is no recalculation of personal income tax on unpaid salary amounts deposited at the end of the year;

7) incorrect calculation and groundlessness of deductions on writ of execution;

8) do not reconcile settlements, inventory settlements with debtors, creditors;

9) a weak internal control system for accounting for settlements with debtors and creditors;

10) violations in the field of the legislation of the Russian Federation in accordance with local regulations (accounting policies) in the reflection of settlement transactions with debtors and creditors.

2. Control over payroll calculations

Control over payroll calculations should begin with a check of the payroll. The accrued amounts for each employee must correspond to the amounts of labor agreements, work contracts, according to the staffing table or rates established for time workers.

The total of the amount payable for all statements on any date must correspond to the amount of this incoming cash order, and the amount of funds paid out must correspond to the outgoing cash order. In the case of the issuance of wages, accounting for cash transactions is terminated taking into account wages (accounts 50 "Cashier" and 70 "Payments for labor" correspond); therefore, the amounts of wages issued in the accounting registers for accounts 50 and 70 should be the same. In addition, the amount of total taxes withheld must be equal to the sum of the amounts of their transfers, i.e. payment orders for the transfer of taxes. It is possible to check the correctness of the calculation of additional wages (holidays, sick leave benefits, upon dismissal).

When checking the accounting of payroll calculations, it should be remembered that the totals of accrued wages for the reporting period reflect credit turnover; the amounts of deductions, paid funds - debit turnovers on account 70. The difference in credit and debit turnovers on this synthetic account, which is the amount of debt of funds for wages of the enterprise to employees, recorded in the General Ledger, is transferred to the balance sheet liability on the corresponding line. When checking the primary documents for payroll (sheets, payroll, etc.), you should check the fact that the costs of the main activity include the costs of remuneration of workers employed in other activities. This is achieved by comparing the data on the credit of account 70 "Calculations on wages" in terms of write-offs to production accounts and the data on the result of the summary sheet of wages in terms of its accrual. The data on the result of the summary sheet, when wages are accrued not only to production workers, should be greater than the data on the debit of production cost accounts.

When checking the correctness of the reflection in the accounting of deductions for voluntary medical insurance, it should be borne in mind that they are made only at the expense of the profit remaining at the disposal of the enterprise, or personal funds of citizens on the basis of concluded agreements. The reserves of future expenses and payments formed by the enterprise are subject to mandatory verification, since their amounts actually reduce taxable profit.

The balances of funds recorded on account 89, accrued at the expense of the cost of products (works, services), in accordance with the current legislation, in some cases are subject to inventory at the end of the year, and in certain cases - written off from the balance sheet. The check establishes the correctness of the formation of amounts for a particular reserve, and, if necessary, adjusts the amount of the balance by the method of reversing the entry on the debit of production accounts and on the credit of account 89 or adding the excess of actual costs to the cost price by direct posting. In addition, the correctness of the calculation of income tax from the excess of the wage fund in comparison with the normalized value is subject to verification.

In the absence of control over transactions with wages, there may be cases of overestimation of the accrued amounts and their payment to nominees, as well as abuses in the issuance of money. They can be prevented by comparing the grounds with the amounts assessed; sign the statement for payment after its full completion, indicating the total amount of the funds paid.

3. Control over settlements for joint activities

Joint activities should be carried out on the basis of an agreement between its participants, unless a legal entity is created for this.

Under the agreement on joint activities, the parties, by combining their property, jointly conduct economic activities.

First of all, they control the correctness of drawing up an agreement on joint activities. The goals of joint activities, participants, forms of participation of the parties, property contributed as a share in common property, profit and the procedure for distributing profits from joint activities, the procedure for dividing jointly acquired property are subject to control. The controller should study who and how will manage the joint activities. Accounting for joint activities should be organized so that the property for joint activities is accounted for separately from the property of the leader - the participant who is entrusted with the conduct of common affairs (he must have a power of attorney to conduct common affairs issued by the other parties to the agreement).

The common property is accounted for on a separate balance sheet of the leader. Individual balance data is not included in the leader's balance sheet. The correctness of the reflection in the accounting of transactions on joint activities, the reflection of the difference from the excess of the valuation of property under a joint activity agreement over its balance sheet valuation or from an understatement (from the credit of account 83 and the debit of account 83, respectively) are subject to control.

The order of distribution of profits from joint activities (in accordance with the agreement) and the correctness of paying taxes on its results are subject to control. Thus, each participant in joint activities pays income tax and property tax from joint activities independently in accordance with the share of property transferred under the agreement.

Taxes such as VAT, personal income tax, excises, UST are charged and paid where the tax base arises.

It is also necessary to control the correctness of the compilation of postings for joint activities, reflecting the operations of this activity.

It is necessary to verify the information provided by the leader to the participants in joint activities (should be provided to the participants no later than the deadlines established by law for the provision of financial statements).

The correct reflection of the property transferred under the agreement implies its accounting as part of short-term or long-term financial investments (this depends on the term of the joint activity agreement), and analytical accounting of investments is carried out by type of contribution. Each party to the contract must include the share of profit in non-operating income.

When a joint activity is terminated, the remaining property and funds are distributed among the participants in the manner prescribed by the agreement, and this is the subject of careful control. At the same time, they control the value of property, the balance of funds, the procedure for closing financial investment accounts.

If the amount of funds received is greater than the investment under the agreement, then the difference is gratuitous receipts, if, on the contrary, the difference is covered from the participants' own sources.

That is why it is important to control the availability of separate accounting for transactions related to joint activities and the activities of the leader-participant, who keeps records of common affairs under the contract. It is recommended to open separate current accounts in banks for accounting of funds, and separately for each joint activity agreement. Primary documents, statements and registers of synthetic, analytical and tax accounting, calculations, accounting statements, etc. are subject to control. Documents defining and explaining the accounting of joint activities.

4. Control over settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary income

The purpose of control of settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds is to confirm the correctness of calculations, completeness and timeliness of payment of taxes, fees and payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds. Control is carried out for each type of settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds in the following areas:

1) the state of internal control;

2) the correctness of determining the basis for calculating the tax, fee, payment;

3) the correctness of the applied rates, benefits;

4) the correctness of tax reimbursement from the budget;

5) completeness and timeliness of tax transfer, collection, payment;

6) the correctness of the preparation of declarations, calculations and other reporting documents;

7) the correctness of the execution of primary documents and the reflection in the accounting of such operations.

Sources for monitoring are payroll records, accounting and tax registers (order journals, statements, cards for accounts 68, 69, 90, 70, 76, etc., general ledger, balance sheet (form No. 1) , profit and loss statement (form No. 2), accounting policy of the organization), calculations and tax returns for taxes, accounting statements, etc.

The controller needs to familiarize himself with the results of previous audits, find out for which taxes and payments the enterprise or organization makes settlements with the budget and extra-budgetary funds. Settlements with the budget are carried out on account 68 "Settlements with extra-budgetary funds", on account 69 "Settlements for social insurance and security".

Analytical accounting is organized for each tax, fee on a separate sub-account to the specified accounts.

The controller should analyze the correctness of attributing taxes to the appropriate sources of their payment (ie, due to cost, net profit, staff salaries).

Since the right of an enterprise to take into account the sale of products for tax purposes in two ways - "on shipment" and "on payment", the controller-auditor should analyze the accounting policy of the subject and his right to use the second method. If the enterprise has the right to use the "on payment" method, it is necessary to find out the accuracy of calculating the taxable base in the corresponding tax period for income tax, VAT, because the accounting and tax reporting of the enterprise will not match. The amount of VAT accrued, but not paid by buyers, is recorded on account 76, upon receipt of payment, it is debited to account 68.

Compliance of data on analytical accounts and synthetic accounting data in the general ledger and in reporting is subject to control. The identified enterprises should be reflected in the working papers of the auditor.

It is necessary to check the expenses of the organization that are taken into account for the purposes of taxation of profits, since not all expenses are taken into account for taxation or are taken into account within the limits. This order is enshrined in ch. 25 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation "Income Tax".

The procedure for accounting for distributable expenses and expenses to be attributed in the following tax periods is checked. All this significantly affects the calculation of the tax base.

Most often, there are errors in the calculation of the tax base, improper accounting that does not provide information to internal and external users about the status of settlements with the budget and funds, violation of payment terms, incorrect application of benefits, there are cases of concealment, underestimation of sales revenue, which serves as the basis for calculating income tax, non-compliance with the standard for including costs in expenses taken into account for taxation.

All violations of settlements with the budget and off-budget funds lead to the application of financial sanctions to the organization in the form of fines, penalties, forfeits, the correctness of the calculations of which is also an object of control.

5. Checking the accounting of fixed assets

The purpose of checking the accounting of fixed assets is to control the correctness, completeness, expediency, efficiency of the use of fixed assets and the procedure for their accounting.

The audit of fixed assets includes:

1) operations for the receipt, transfer, disposal, depreciation of fixed assets;

2) organization of the safety of fixed assets;

3) the correctness of determining the initial book value of fixed assets;

4) revaluation operations (markdown, revaluation) of fixed assets;

5) correctness, completeness, timeliness of documenting fixed assets;

6) verification of ongoing current and capital investments in fixed assets (repair, reconstruction, modernization);

7) transactions for the sale of fixed assets;

8) analysis of ongoing inventories.

The sources of information on the control and verification of accounting for fixed assets are the primary documents for accounting for fixed assets (acts of commissioning, acts of acceptance and transfer, inventory cards, purchase agreements, transfers of fixed assets, etc.). An analysis of accounting policies, constituent documents is carried out, statements, depreciation calculations are analyzed, as well as the procedure for attributing depreciation costs to expenses, including taxation. Journals, warrants, statements of synthetic and analytical accounting are subject to verification, the correctness of entries reflecting business transactions for accounting for fixed assets, they analyze the provisions on the accounting policy, as well as the procedure for implementing the principles of accounting for fixed assets, enshrined in the accounting policy, analyze the correctness of the qualification of fixed assets in order to to select validation procedures.

Fixed assets can be classified as follows:

1) rented, own: transferred to operational management or to the right of economic management;

2) being in operation for conservation, in stock, under reconstruction, etc.;

3) production and social services.

The inspector must control the procedure for assigning fixed assets to a particular type, since, in accordance with the classification, fixed assets are included in different depreciation groups and have different service lives and depreciation rates. Here it is necessary to pay special attention to the correct classification of funds, since depreciation amounts reduce the taxable base and are collected when calculating property tax, and therefore may affect the correct calculation of taxes, and errors may lead to the application of financial sanctions to the subject of inspections in the form of fines, penalties .

When checking the accounting of fixed assets, it is necessary to make sure that the accounting data correspond to the actual availability, check the status of the accounting for compliance with current legislation (Regulations on accounting and reporting in the Russian Federation, Instructions on accounting in institutions and organizations that are on the budget), establish whether there are any cases illegal write-off of fixed assets, how the accounting of leased fixed assets is kept (here they check the procedure for classifying the lease of fixed assets as payable or long-term, examining contractual relations, drawing up acts of acceptance and transfer, keeping records of lease operations, accounting for investments, repairing leased fixed assets).

They also check whether accounting is kept on off-balance accounts 001, 005, whether inefficient use of funds is allowed, whether there are cases of formal inventory taking, whether capital investments are made under the guise of repair work.

When errors and violations are identified, it is necessary to determine the degree of their influence on the distortion of accounting and reporting data, assess the consequences of these errors in tax accounting, the causes of errors, as well as the perpetrators and the risk of these errors in the future.

6. Control of operations on receipt, disposal and depreciation of fixed assets

Control of operations for the receipt of fixed assets involves the assessment of fixed assets received as a contribution to the authorized capital, under contracts of sale, mutual offset, as a result of construction (contract and economic method), lease, etc. Control consists in checking the assessment of received fixed assets funds, if the object comes in the order of acquisition, its cost will consist of the purchase price and transportation and procurement costs, if in the form of a contribution to the authorized capital, then the cost of the funds will be agreed with the founders. Control over the evaluation of funds received free of charge will consist of control of market prices for a similar product on the date of its entry.

Property - a fixed asset received by exchange, netting, is valued at the value of the property being exchanged.

The cost of fixed assets accepted for accounting is not subject to change (except for modernization, additional equipment, etc.). The control of the receipt of fixed assets affects the analysis of the transactions performed, the correctness and completeness of the execution of documents for the receipt of funds (acceptance certificate, commissioning certificates, inventory cards of fixed assets, the act of posting land, the act of accepting perennial plantings.

Asset retirement control consists of checking write-off transactions. It is necessary to check the correctness of paperwork (an act for the write-off of buildings and structures, an act for the write-off of machinery and equipment, an act for the culling of animals, an act for the write-off of perennial plantations), the correctness of making entries in the inventory card of the fixed asset, control the data of analytical and synthetic accounting, the legality of committed write-off actions, identify cases of violations, abuses (replacement of new objects with old ones or with worse quality characteristics), analyze cases of loss, damage, theft of property for violations. An analysis of the write-off of fixed assets in terms of their evaluation is carried out. The write-off in accounting from the balance sheet should be carried out in the amount of the actual assessment of the fixed asset listed in the inventory card. The procedure for writing off expenses for the liquidation of fixed assets is controlled. If the decommissioned object is not fully depreciated, then its residual value will be equal to the book value minus the amount of accrued depreciation. Control the procedure for disposal of fixed assets in accordance with applicable law.

Thus, the Accounting Regulations "Income of the organization" and "Expenses of the organization" establish that sales and other disposals of fixed assets for the purpose of assessing income and expenses from the disposal of funds are classified as operating. If there is a death, damage, shortage - extraordinary, non-operating include the amount of markdown, revaluation upon disposal of the object.

The control of depreciation of fixed assets consists in determining whether all objects are taken into account when calculating depreciation, what methods are used to calculate depreciation in accounting and tax accounting, whether the procedure and methods for calculating depreciation correspond to current legislation and the provisions of accounting policy, and arithmetic control of depreciation is carried out. The procedure for assigning funds to depreciation groups and the useful life are checked. When controlling depreciation, it should be remembered that objects that are under reconstruction, modernization, conservation (more than three months), technical re-equipment are not subject to depreciation, but their service life is extended by the conservation period.

If the fixed asset is leased, then the amount of depreciation is attributed to non-operating expenses.

7. Control over inventory accounting

Control over the movement of materials begins with checking the amounts reflected in their accompanying documents (cheques, invoices, certificates, invoices for internal movement), receipt orders, stock accounting cards for materials. The amounts in the monetary value of all materials entering the enterprise are determined by debit turnovers on the account of the same name 10 "Materials".

In the event of the disposal of materials (their release into production, to a party for processing, sale), the amounts in the cards (at the appropriate costs) are verified with the amounts in the documents for the consumption of materials (limit-fence cards, requirements, invoices) or with the amounts reflected in the report on the release of products, the performance of work. When approving these reports, it should be remembered that they are the basis for the write-off of materials, therefore, it is necessary to check the compliance of their consumption with the standards in force at the enterprise.

If discrepancies are identified in this area, their nature should be determined and the shortages should be attributed to the relevant sources or new consumption rates should be approved.

The amounts of retired materials in monetary terms represent credit turnover on account 10 "Materials". The balance of this synthetic account, which is the difference between debit and credit turnovers, is recorded in the asset balance in the inventory section. During the audit of accounting on account 10 "Materials", it is necessary to identify costs that are not related to acquired material assets and are not subject to reflection on account 16 and inclusion in the cost, including the amount of VAT and special tax on account 10 "Materials". If such costs are established, the amount of profit hidden from taxation should be calculated.

In addition, in the case of accounting for materials at accounting prices, it is necessary to check the correctness of determining the amount of deviations to be reflected in the composition of the cost of goods sold. For this, an appropriate calculation is made, taking into account that the differences accumulated on account 16 are debited to the accounts of production costs and generalization costs or other relevant calculations in proportion to the cost of materials used in production, taken at discount prices. In cases of inclusion in the cost of the amount of deviations in amounts greater than those provided for by the calculations, it is necessary to determine the amount of profit hidden from taxation.

For enterprises accounting for materials on account 10 "Materials" at actual cost, it is necessary to determine from the turnover sheet of materials accounting whether the actual costs were left in the balances recorded on account 10 "Materials" by transferring (when debited to production accounts) the cost of some types of materials to their other types in order to regulate the actual cost of finished products. In determining in this way the increase in the cost of those materials that should be written off for production, it is necessary to identify the amount of profit hidden from taxation.

It is necessary to check whether there have been any write-offs to the cost of costs that are not related to materials used in production, as well as cases of write-offs to production accounts of the cost of VAT and special tax, which should be taken into account in separate accounts and counted in settlements with the budget when writing off materials into production (at the appropriate percentage). Therefore, the calculation of the amounts of VAT and special tax, taken into account in settlements with the budget, based on written-off materials is also checked. It should be remembered that VAT and special tax on materials used at social and cultural facilities during construction work are financed from appropriate sources.

8. Control over external settlement operations

The purpose of the control of external settlement operations is to verify the reliability, correctness, completeness of the reflection of external settlement operations, to verify the compliance of ongoing settlements with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Before carrying out control measures, it is necessary to familiarize yourself with the regulations governing these calculations, internal local acts and instructions, provisions; accounting policy, working chart of accounts, then check the registers of synthetic, analytical, tax accounting, primary documents that are the basis for accruing debts and making payments, mutual settlements with buyers and suppliers, branches, budget, funds, etc. It is necessary to check the data of the main books, financial statements, contracts, administrative documentation, acts of work performed, bills of exchange, acts of inventories, reconciliation of settlements, forms of internal control over settlement operations.

In the course of control, the amount of overdue debt, the reasons for missing the deadlines, the perpetrators, the reality of repayment of this debt, the procedure for submitting claims are established.

Particular attention is paid to external settlement transactions with atypical accounting entries, they are subjected to careful control.

They identify doubtful, unclaimed debts, documentary evidence of the received valuables, services in order to justify and legalize the formation of debts.

They check the procedure for writing off debts for external settlements, the procedure for withholding (correctness and validity) of amounts under executive documents, the completeness and timeliness of their transfer, (the completeness and timeliness of settlements under joint activity agreements). They analyze the operations of such activities, check the documentation, compliance with regulatory and legislative acts, the correctness of the organization and separate accounting of property, and operations of joint activities under the contract, the distribution of profits from joint activities between the participants.

They also pay attention to assessing the impact of settlement operations on the financial condition of an economic entity, when errors are identified, they study their impact on the reliability of objective data. External settlement operations are subject to control selectively, the continuous method is used when checking settlement data, for which, for example, reconciliation and inventory were not made.

It is also necessary to pay attention to external settlement operations for the provision of services, check the fact of the provision of services and acts of delivery of work performed (services rendered), their assessment.

Forms of contractual relations are subject to control in accordance with civil law in order to identify facts of incorrect execution of transactions, to identify void transactions that may be declared invalid in a court of law. When controlling documents, attention is paid to the correct calculation of VAT (allocation of amounts by calculation), to confirm the validity of presenting tax for offset (reimbursement from the budget) for goods and materials received, services. Particular attention is paid to accounting for non-invoiced supplies of goods and materials, accounting for supplies of material resources for foreign currency (the procedure for transferring ownership, the correctness of calculating exchange rate differences, VAT amounts, and payment for such resources are carefully checked).

If advances were issued in foreign currency, then they control the correctness of the calculation of the amount difference in accordance with PBU (accounting regulations).

They check operations of exchange, barter, mutual settlements, bills of exchange, operations for the formation of reserves (for example, a reserve for doubtful debts), operations for depositing wages.

9. Organization of audit work at facilities of different organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership

The diversity of the economy and the presence of different forms of ownership require the use of different organizational forms of control and audit work.

The organization of audit work at objects of different forms of ownership and different organizational and legal forms is built in accordance with the legislation governing the functioning of such entities.

At present, the functions of the state control and audit apparatus have changed, control over the observance of financial discipline has intensified. Such changes took place with the help of the targeted and effective use of funds by all business entities.

In the course of a preliminary acquaintance with the activities of the organization, it is necessary to analyze its constituent documents, property, accounting policies, economic activities, financial reporting indicators, the presence of government orders, etc.

Thus, the organization of an audit in state unitary enterprises (SUEs) should be built on the basis of a thorough analysis of constituent documents, an analysis of the property of SUEs and municipal unitary enterprises (MUEs), which is state and municipal property and belongs to the enterprise on the right of economic management or operational management.

During the audit, the auditor must remember that this property cannot be distributed among deposits, shares, shares, etc. When auditing obligations, it must be taken into account that unitary enterprises are not liable for the obligations of the owner of its property, and the owner, in turn, is not is liable for the obligations of the enterprise, except for cases of subsidiary liability, enshrined in the provisions of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

When auditing SUEs and MUPs, attention should be paid to checking the value of the net assets of enterprises based on the right of economic management, since they must be revalued at the end of the financial year. If the net asset value is less than the statutory fund, the statutory fund is reduced, and if it is less than the amount determined by law, the enterprise may be liquidated altogether. The audit of the activities of joint ventures should be organized in such a way that the control procedures could establish and confirm the correctness of the organization of accounting (accounting should be kept separately for the property of the joint activity, the property of the leading participant keeping records of common affairs, the accounting should give a clear idea of ​​the operations of the joint activity, their effectiveness and tax bases for joint venture operations).

If the audit is carried out in a small enterprise (SE), the audit procedure should be organized taking into account the scale and specifics of the subject's activities, the regulatory framework.

Since the MP often allows combining the duties of accounting employees, and the auditor must organize the verification procedure without relying on the internal control system, since this system is likely to have a low degree of reliability, it is possible to organize an audit according to a simplified version, taking into account the individual characteristics of the enterprise. When auditing MPs, the following shortcomings are often encountered:

1) risks of unsettled accounts;

2) irregularity of reconciliation of settlements;

3) formal non-compliance with the law, which often occurs during the revision of the MP.

When auditing foreign economic activity enterprises, they carefully analyze currency transactions, as well as the procedure for taxing transactions related to foreign economic activity, taking into account the regulatory framework for such activities.

10. Control over imprest transactions

When checking the accounting of these operations, the manager should view advance reports, on the basis of which the corresponding amounts are debited from the employees' account. In this case, the issued advances reflected in the reports must correspond to the amounts indicated in the expenditure cash warrants, the details of which are recorded in this report. The same applies to funds issued in the presence of overspending. The amounts of the balances of funds deposited after the delivery of the advance report to the cash desk must be equal to the amounts indicated in the relevant cash receipt orders. In addition, the stamps and signatures that approve them are checked on these documents.

Since the records of these operations are kept in the context of each accountable person, each advance payment, it is not difficult to identify debtors by the amounts of disbursed funds that can and should be withheld from wages.

When controlling the accounting of accountable amounts, the balances of accountable funds for individual employees, reflected in advance reports, are verified with the amounts of debt on them recorded in the journal-warrant or in the statement on synthetic account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons" (in the case of an employee's debt, his debit balance , enterprise debt - credit). The statement for each report of the employee reflects the funds issued to him, in the order journal - the amounts debited from the report.

The total balance for all reports of all employees, which is thus the total of debts on accountable amounts and is recorded in the general ledger on account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", is also transferred to the balance sheet (on the corresponding line of the balance sheet asset "Settlements with other debtors" in in the first case, or as a debt on settlements with other creditors into a balance sheet liability in the second case).

Abuses in this area of ​​accounting are also possible in the absence or inattentive current control over the advance payments issued and their write-off from the account. At the same time, money can be issued for unnecessary, inappropriate expenses, written off later on inappropriate documents or in the absence of them.

Funds can also be issued to nominees. To avoid this, it is recommended to sign expenditure cash warrants for the issuance of accountable amounts, having previously familiarized yourself with the grounds for expenses (their estimate); approve the reports in the same sequence; entrust the conduct of cash transactions to another person (not the chief accountant).

In addition, when checking, special attention should be paid to control over the amounts issued for travel expenses, for the use of personal cars and written off from the employee's account. If they are approved in an amount exceeding the norms established by law, additional payments must be made from the profit of the enterprise remaining at its disposal after paying taxes and other obligatory payments to the budget.

Thus, the corresponding amounts should be charged to the debit of accounts 81 "Use of profit", 88 "Special purpose funds". The same applies to the norms and procedure for reimbursement of expenses when sending employees of enterprises and organizations to perform installation, adjustment, construction work, to advanced training courses, as well as for the mobile and traveling nature of work, work on a rotational basis, field work, permanent work on the road. (if these payments are made through account 71 "Settlements with accountable persons", and not 70 "Settlements with personnel for remuneration").

Failure to comply with this procedure for attributing costs entails a decrease in taxable profit.

11. Control of cash transactions

The most important object of accounting, deserving special attention, are cash transactions.

This situation exists, in particular, because these transactions are associated with cash and the likelihood of abuse is maximum here.

The main tasks of cash control, cash transactions are to identify the state of safety of funds, the correctness and legality of their use, the authenticity and reliability of monetary transactions reflected in accounting, compliance with cash discipline, completeness of posting, intended use and conditions for storing cash funds.

Cash transactions are checked against the cash book, laced, numbered, sealed and certified by signatures. It records all the facts of receipt and issuance of cash, as a result of which, at the end of the day, cash balances in the cash register are displayed. Since the cashier keeps the cash book in two carbon copies (the second (tear-off) copy serves as the cashier's report and is submitted to the accounting department), they must match when checking. In addition, it should be remembered that in cash documents there should be no slightest erasures, blots, and in cash warrants - and the agreed corrections that are not allowed here.

To control the accounting of cash transactions, the manager can reconcile the amounts of incoming and outgoing funds for each cashier's report with the amounts recorded in the accounting registers. As a rule, each cash report corresponds to one line of the journal-order and statement on account 50 "Cashier", while the statement records the receipt of funds (incoming cash orders), in the journal-order - the issuance of money (expenditure cash orders). In addition, arithmetic (full or partial) can be checked when counting revolutions. At the end of the reporting period, the balance is the difference between the sum of the turnovers of cash receipts and withdrawals and the amount received in cash, is entered in the balance sheet asset in the "Cash" line.

In small enterprises, the chief accountant often performs the duties of a cashier, but if the manager is inattentive with the seal and samples of his signature, some abuses are possible: paperwork for issuing money and transferring funds to a figurehead. With the available free access to cash documents and accounting registers, it is easy to falsify and execute non-existent documents. In order to avoid this, as well as for mutual control, it is recommended to entrust the duties of a cashier to another person and not to put seals and signatures on blank forms.

In addition, you should check the work of the accountant for the correct attribution of the costs of paying funds from the cash register to the cost. The presence of such facts entails the discovery of profits hidden from taxation.

At the same time, it should be remembered that the amount of paid bonuses, social security benefits and other payments made at the expense of special funds, as well as one-time incentives and benefits to employees for performing important tasks, should not be included in the credit of the account for accounting for cash on hand. about retirement and other financial assistance - these costs should be attributed to the reduction of profit left at the disposal of the enterprise after taxes.

But these facts at this stage can be revealed only in exceptional cases of payment of the relevant funds without accruing them (in other cases, check the relevant transactions on accounts 70 "Settlements for wages", 73 "Settlements for other operations", 76 "Settlements with different debtors and creditors, as well as non-production cost accounting accounts).

12. Control and revision of settlement and credit operations

The rational organization of control over the state of settlements contributes to strengthening contractual and settlement discipline, fulfilling obligations for the supply of products in a given assortment and quality, increasing the responsibility of organizations for observing payment discipline, reducing accounts receivable and payable, accelerating the turnover of working capital and, consequently, improving financial condition. Therefore, special attention is paid to the verification of these issues.

The purpose of control and revision of settlement operations is to assess the correctness of the organization of accounting for settlements at the enterprise, confirm the legality of the formation of various types of receivables and payables, its reliability and the reality of repayment.

Checking the status of settlements includes checking settlements with suppliers and contractors, with buyers and customers, for claims, with various debtors and creditors, with the budget, with a bank, with accountable persons, etc.

Checking the state of settlements at the enterprise begins with an analysis of the materials of the inventory of settlements. The inspector may also conduct a control inventory of settlements, a cross-check of documents and accounting registers at the audited enterprise and with counterparties.

The inventory of settlements consists in identifying the balances according to the relevant documents and carefully checking the validity of the amounts on these accounts, the terms for the occurrence of debts on the accounts of debtors and creditors, the reality of it and the persons guilty of missing the statute of limitations are established.

The results of the inventory of settlements are documented in an act that indicates the inventoried accounts, the presence of unresolved debts, as well as the amounts of bad debts (debts not secured by guarantees). An analysis of the materials of the inventory of calculations will make it possible to focus on a more thorough check of the calculations for which discrepancies or ambiguities have been identified.

When checking calculations, methods of actual and documentary control are used: analytical procedures, logical analysis, as well as oral interviews of officials on certain issues.

Settlements with suppliers and buyers are the most common settlements. The audit is carried out in two main areas:

1) the correctness of payment for the received material assets;

2) completeness of posting of received values.

Sources of information when checking settlements with suppliers, buyers, buyers and customers, as well as with various debtors and creditors, are: accounting policies, financial statements, general ledger, accounting registers for accounts 60, 62, 76, 91, 007 and others, book of purchases, book of sales, payment documents, bills of exchange, acts of inventory of settlements, protocols on offsetting mutual claims, acts of reconciliation of settlements, waybills, invoices, contracts with counterparties.

Verification of settlements with suppliers and contractors involves the study of contracts for the supply of raw materials and other business contracts for services rendered to the enterprise, work performed. Transactions made by the parties intentionally without observing the form established by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, not in full or untimely, are considered void (invalid).

You should also pay attention to the causes of debt; its maturity date; accounting of material values ​​in transit; accounting for barter transactions; registration of the accounting journal of invoices, books of purchases and books of sales; compliance with the reflection of prices in the accompanying documents and supply contracts; conversion into the ruble equivalent of settlements carried out in foreign currency and reflection of the exchange rate difference.

During the audit, the following tasks should be solved:

1) verification of the correctness of the execution of primary documents for the acquisition of inventory items and the receipt of services in order to confirm the validity of the occurrence of accounts payable;

2) confirmation of the timeliness of repayment and the correctness of reflection on the accounts of debt accounting;

3) assessment of the correctness of registration and reflection in the accounting of the submitted claims;

4) verification of the correctness of the execution of primary documents for the supply of goods and the provision of services in order to confirm the validity of the occurrence of receivables;

5) the validity of the allocation of VAT;

6) confirmation of the timeliness of repayment and the correct reflection of accounts receivable in the accounts.

Upon receipt of inventory items for which settlement documents have not been received (uninvoiced deliveries), it is determined whether these received items are listed as paid, but in transit (accounts receivable).

It is necessary to check the correctness of accounting for the amounts of unclaimed receivables under contracts with counterparties, the deadline for fulfilling obligations for which exceeded four months from the date of actual receipt of goods (works, services). According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the reserve for doubtful debts is formed:

1) in the amount of 100% of the debt, if its term is more than 90 days;

2) in the amount of 50% of the debt, if its term is from 45 to 90 days;

3) is not created if the debt period is less than 45 days.

Such debt should be written off against the losses of the supplying enterprise without reducing taxable profits. The auditors check whether this debt is taken into account on the off-balance account 007 within five years from the date of its write-off to monitor the possibility of presenting an invoice to the debtor when its property status changes, whether the presence of receivables for which the limitation period has expired is established, and whether This amount was used to reduce the taxable profit of the organization and charge VAT.

Particular attention is paid to transactions using bills of exchange, which are often reflected in accounting with errors. Issued promissory notes are reflected at the enterprise on account 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors", the interest on the promissory note is applied to the cost of purchased inventory items, VAT is refundable from the budget only after payment of the promissory note. Promissory notes received as payment are recorded on account 62 "Settlements with buyers and customers". The amount of promissory interest on promissory notes received is credited to account 91, the obligation to pay VAT to the budget arises upon receipt of funds (goods) or offsetting a counterclaim on a promissory note.

Verification of settlements with different debtors and creditors includes an analysis of the reliability and correctness of accounting for such operations as payment for services of communication organizations, utilities, heat and water supply, etc. The causes and prescription of receivables and payables are established according to primary documents and accounting registers , the correctness of its documentation, the reality, whether the limitation period has been missed, what measures were taken to pay off and collect the debt. The correctness of the correspondence of accounts, the organization of analytical accounting, the validity of the accrual and offset of VAT on these operations are checked.

By examining the primary documents and accounting registers on account 76 "Settlements with various debtors and creditors", subaccount 2, it is found out whether, under the guise of settlements on claims, the amounts of shortages and losses of inventory items that have not been reimbursed to the organization in the prescribed manner, and for which there are no documents giving the right to write off. It should be established whether internal investigations were carried out to identify the persons responsible for the claim against the enterprise, and whether the damage caused was recovered from them.

The purpose of controlling the settlements of the enterprise with the budget and extra-budgetary funds is to verify the correctness of the calculations, the completeness and timeliness of transfers to the budget and extra-budgetary funds of taxes, fees and payments.

Sources of information are: accounting policy regulations, calculations (declarations) for individual taxes and payments, financial statements, general ledger, accounting registers for accounts 19, 68, 69, 76, 90, 91, 99 and others, purchase book, sales book , registers of received and issued invoices, invoices, etc.

It is advisable to find out for what taxes and payments the organization makes settlements with the budget, extra-budgetary funds, get acquainted with the results of tax and other audits, which will make it possible to find out the nature of the errors, if any, and identify objects for in-depth study.

For each tax, fee and payment paid by the enterprise, the following should be checked:

1) the correctness of the determination of the taxable base;

2) the correctness of the application of tax rates (established by comparing the actual rates with their value, regulated by regulatory documents for the relevant types of activities, product groups and goods, etc.);

3) the legitimacy of the use of benefits in the calculation and payment of taxes;

4) the correctness of the calculation, the completeness and timeliness of the transfer of tax payments (the records in the accounting registers for accounts 68 and 69 are studied, analytical accounting for which is organized for each tax, fee and payment on the corresponding subaccounts).

Particular attention is paid to establishing the correctness of attributing taxes to the appropriate sources of their payment: due to revenue, cost, gross profit, net profit, staff salaries.

Such control methods are used as tracking, verification of payment documents, tax calculations, reconciliation of data from various accounting registers, correctness of tax reporting (it checks the presence of all established forms in it, completeness of filling, recalculation of individual indicators, mutual reconciliation of indicators reflected in accounting registers and in reporting forms), etc.

Identified violations are recorded in the working documentation. Typical violations can be: incorrect calculation of the taxable base for certain taxes, illegal reimbursement of "incoming" VAT in the absence or incorrect indication of it in settlement and payment documents, improper accounting, incorrect determination of tax benefits, inconsistency of analytical accounting data for individual taxes with synthetic accounting data and reporting indicators, violation of deadlines for tax payments.

Settlements with accountable persons take place in almost every enterprise and are very diverse:

1) purchase of spare parts, materials, stationery, fuel for cash;

2) payment for minor repairs of office equipment, vehicles;

3) expenses for business trips within the territory of the Russian Federation and abroad;

4) hospitality expenses.

Verification is carried out in a continuous order. At the same time, attention is drawn to: calculation of the amount of the advance payment issued under the report on the basis of a preliminary calculation of the cost of travel, per diem, housing and other expenses; targeted use by accountable persons of the amounts issued to them; the urgency of submitting an advance expense report to the cash desk; issuing advances only to employees of this enterprise and only within the established limits; the presence of facts of issuing amounts under the report to persons who did not report on the previous amounts.

Checking advance reports, the auditor establishes the purpose and actual use of the amounts issued to individual employees under the report, the presence of orders to send employees on business trips, the correctness of execution and timeliness of submission of advance reports, the availability of supporting documents for them, the timing of the return to the cash desk of unused amounts, the correctness of the correspondence accounts for transactions with accountable persons. As a result, facts of payment of travel expenses (daily allowance, payment for travel and accommodation) in excess of the established norms may be revealed. Amounts exceeding the established norms that are not documented are subject to inclusion in the total annual income of the employee and taxation on personal income. The VAT paid on them is non-refundable. Attention is drawn to the execution of settlements with drivers for the fuels and lubricants purchased by them, spare parts, etc. The quality of supporting documents and reporting deadlines are checked.

The validity of entertainment expenses must be confirmed by the presence of supporting documents: an order appointing persons responsible for holding events; meeting programs with representatives of another organization; cost estimates approved by the head; act with attached documents confirming expenses, etc.

Revealing the facts of violations, the auditors register them, determine the amount of underestimated profit, as well as additional accruals of the unified social tax and personal income tax.

When checking the organization of analytical accounting of settlements with accountable persons, it should be borne in mind that the terms for which funds are issued under the report are established by order of the head of the organization and are fixed in the accounting policy.

When checking the calculations for credits and loans, the following sources of information are used: Regulations on accounting policies; balance sheet (form No. 1); income statement (Form No. 2); cash flow statement (Form No. 4); appendix to the balance sheet (form No. 5); accounting registers for accounts 66 and 67; main book; loan agreements with banks; loan agreements; bank statements on settlement and loan accounts with attached documents; cash book; incoming and outgoing cash orders; orders of the head and acts of inventory of calculations; documents confirming the intended use of the loan or loan.

According to Art. 819 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a loan agreement, a bank or other credit institution (creditor) undertakes to provide funds (credit) to the borrower in the amount and on the terms stipulated by the agreement, and the borrower undertakes to return the amount of money received and pay interest on it.

Credits can be issued by Russian banks in the currency of the Russian Federation and in foreign currency. The right to issue loans in foreign currency to Russian organizations has been granted to authorized banks licensed by the Bank of Russia to carry out operations in foreign currency.

Settlements on credits and loans received both from non-residents and from Russian authorized banks in foreign currency are made by residents from current foreign currency accounts and cannot be made from transit foreign currency accounts.

According to Art. 807 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, under a loan agreement, the lender transfers money or other things defined by generic characteristics to the ownership of the borrower, and the borrower undertakes to return to the lender the loan amount or an equal number of things of the same kind and quantity received by him. The lender has the right to receive interest from the borrower on the amount of the loan in the amount and in the manner specified in the agreement. Due to the fact that settlements in the Russian Federation are made only in rubles, obtaining loans in foreign currency from resident organizations that are not banking institutions is prohibited.

The following techniques are used in the control process: checking documents, tracking transactions, recalculation, analytical procedures.

Contracts with the bank, documents on opening credit lines, contracts and agreements on credits and loans are subject to verification. Indebtedness on credits and loans, reflected in the accounting registers, must correspond to the indebtedness, the amount of which is agreed with the creditors. For this, bank statements, payment calculations, data from analytical statements, tables are used. Debt on loans and borrowings must be correctly qualified by types and methods of settlement based on the analysis of contracts.

To check the timeliness of repayment of bank loans according to loan agreements and current account statements, an analytical table is compiled, which reflects the dates and amounts of receipt and repayment of loans, as well as deviations that have occurred.

At each reporting date, the amount of debt on loans on the balance sheet must be confirmed by analytical accounting data. Loan debt should be reflected taking into account accrued but not paid interest at a specific reporting date. The presence of facts of violation of the terms of repayment of loans and the reasons for this are also checked.

To check the intended use of credit funds, it is necessary to compare the object of lending, fixed in the loan agreement, and the actual directions of funds, confirmed by the supply agreement, invoices, invoices, payment orders, etc. Nomenclature of inventory items, delivery and payment terms, prices , the amount of work performed must match.

The correctness of accrued interest for the use of bank loans is confirmed by the results of their arithmetic control. When identifying sources of writing off interest for using bank loans, the directions for using loans for the purchase of inventory items, fixed assets, intangible assets, etc. are taken into account.

The correctness of accrued interest for tax purposes is established (the refinancing rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation increases no more than 11 times). In the course of checking loans, it is established whether the loan agreements were drawn up correctly, whether the principal amount of the debt and interest on loans were repaid in a timely manner, whether operations on loans received were correctly reflected in the accounting, including the accrual and transfer of interest, the reliability of analytical and synthetic accounting of settlements on loans. When studying a loan agreement, special attention is paid to the presence in them of indications of the loan repayment period, its form, the presence of collateral, the amount of interest and the procedure for their payment. If the lender is an individual, then the loan agreement must be notarized.

To check the timeliness of repayment of loans according to the data of agreements and statements from the current account and reports of the cashier, an analytical table is compiled, which reflects the dates and amounts of receipt and repayment of loans, as well as the deviations that have occurred.

Typical errors detected when checking payments for loans and borrowings can be: the absence of a loan agreement or its preparation in violation of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the absence of an agreement with the bank on prolongation of the loan, improper accounting, incorrect accounting of expenses for paying interest on loans and borrowings, misuse of bank loans.

Author: Ivanova E.L.

<< Back: Audit activities (The essence and objectives of the audit. Contract in auditing activities. Statutory audit. Fundamental principles of auditing. Functions of management audit within the framework of marketing management. The concept of auditing activities. Audit risk, its relationship with the information base and materiality. Contents of preliminary audit planning. Preparation of a general plan and audit programs. Documentation of the audit. Financial control system and internal audit. Actions of the auditor when identifying facts of non-compliance by the audited organization with legislative and regulatory acts. Internal audit in the organization's management system. Audit of settlements with suppliers, contractors, debtors and creditors. Internal audit of the bank's activities)

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