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TOOLS AND MECHANISMS FOR AGRICULTURE
Knife cultivator. Drawing, description
Directory / Tools and mechanisms for agriculture Translated from Latin, the word "cultivation" means "processing", "cultivation". If we explain in more detail, then this is the process of loosening previously cultivated soil with simultaneous cutting of the root system of weeds. But cultivation is important for more than just weed control. Loosening improves the air and water regimes of the soil, which, in turn, enhances the activity of soil microorganisms, creates conditions for the friendly germination of seeds of cultivated plants. We offer four simple designs of manual cultivators that will facilitate preparatory work in a state or collective farm garden, greenhouse, school or garden plot. Look at Figure 1. It is most convenient to use such a cultivator in a greenhouse, and in a garden, in a vegetable garden - wherever it is difficult to turn around with large equipment. The width of its working body is only 233 mm. The handle is a pipe with a diameter of approximately 24 mm, its length is selected according to growth. The lower end of the handle is inserted into a massive wooden axis, other parts of the cultivator and the working body are attached to it. The axle is raised above the soil surface and rests on two wheels d 200 mm cut from a metal sheet 3 mm thick. The wheels are attached with two M10 studs and four nuts.
The working body or knife is a steel plate 3 mm thick, bent in the form of the letter "P" with a wide horizontal part. It is set loose, but two pins screwed into the axle limit its deviation from the vertical by ±29. The knife is sharp on both sides. How to use the cultivator Place the tool on the ground. Press the handle with force and pull the cultivator first towards you, while deepening the knife into the soil by 33-40 mm; then away from you - the knife will remain at the same depth, but will turn in the other direction. In this position, it will cut the surface layer of the soil along with the root system of weeds. Figure 2 shows a tine cultivator. With its help, the surface shovel of the soil is processed in a slightly different way: the teeth pierce the ground and turn over the clods. Tan they cut the roots of weeds and at the same time loosen, saturating the soil with air.
The cultivator consists of five heavy steel "pancakes", three of which are equipped with curved teeth. "Pancakes" are put on a steel axle d 16 mm and 320 mm long. Bushings are installed at the ends of the axle - plain bearings pressed into the trunnions. Steel staples are attached to the protruding ends of the trunnions, converging on the handle. Turn steel "pancakes" and the axis on a lathe. In the side surfaces of three of them, drill five radially located blind holes-nests d 13.1 mm. Make the teeth from a steel bar d 10 mm and insert into the slots. Then drill through holes d 5,1 mm for XNUMX mm rivets. Countersink them so that the rivet heads are flush. Having collected the "pancakes", hang them on the axle, then install the washers, trunnions with bearings and nuts. Riveted the ends of the axle protruding beyond the nuts. In Figure 3 you see a disc cultivator. They break large clods of soil, harrow and at the same time level the surface of the site.
The basis of the cultivator is spherical discs welded in pairs to bushings put on axles. The ends of the axles are fixed with cotter pins in the large and small brackets. A ledge was made in the center of the large bracket, through which a pipe d 30 x 2 mm with a T-shaped crossbar and handles at the end was passed. A rod d 24 x 2 mm and 250 mm long is welded to the small bracket. A rod d 16 mm is screwed into it, the end of which, equipped with an M16 wing nut, protrudes above the crossbar. The most labor-intensive in the manufacture of disks. They must be forged from flat steel billets d 220 mm and 4 mm thick. In order for the discs to be "spherical", it is necessary, using a hammer with a semicircular head, with short but strong blows, starting from the center and further, moving in a spiral, to "stretch" the metal on the anvil. The blanks will acquire a spherical surface. The work is considered completed if the depth of the formed bowls will become about 30 mm.It remains to sharpen their edges on emery, and drill the central holes to d 20 mm. During operation, the angle of installation of the disks in relation to the direction of movement of the cultivator can be changed using the wing nut on the crossbar. By rotating it clockwise, the rod is pulled up. In this case, the large bracket will bend slightly, like a leaf spring, and the angle of installation of the discs will change. Figure 4 shows another cultivator. Its main parts: a wheel, an axle, two tubular handles with a spacer, brackets for attaching interchangeable tillage implements.
A wheel d 250-00 mm consists of a rim {steel strip 40 wide and 4 mm thick) and a hub with a hole for d 18 mm. The spokes are connected to the hub by a thread, and are riveted on both sides. If you can’t make such a wheel yourself, use a ready-made one, for example, from a baby stroller or bicycle. The diameter of tubular handles is 22-33 mm. Weld bushings for connecting to the axle to the lower ends. Instead of bushings, you can flatten the ends of the pipes to a length of 60-70 mm and drill holes d 14 mm for the axle. Bend the spacer from the same pipe and connect it to the spacers with four M8 bolts. To make it more convenient to use the cultivator, put a rubber hose on the spacer, and wind an insulated electrical wire around the handles. Mounting brackets for interchangeable tools make a steel bar with a section of 25 x 25 mm. Weld steel bushings to it with a hole for the holder of interchangeable tools. Interchangeable tools - lancet paws with a working width of 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 mm and a toothed ripper. They are installed depending on the type of agricultural slave, the hardness of the soil and the size of the row spacing.
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