Diesel engine. History of invention and production

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Diesel engine. History of invention and production

The history of technology, technology, objects around us

Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us

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Diesel engine (colloquially - diesel) - a reciprocating internal combustion engine operating on the principle of self-ignition of atomized fuel from exposure to air heated during compression.

The range of fuel for diesel engines is very wide, it includes all fractions of oil refining from kerosene to fuel oil and a number of products of natural origin - rapeseed oil, cooking fat, palm oil and many others. A diesel engine can run on crude oil with some success.

Scheme of operation of a two-stroke diesel engine

The boy, born in 1858 in Paris in a family of emigrants from Bavaria, already at the age of 14 knew for sure that he wanted to become an engineer. He was destined to invent one of the main engines of technological progress - in the truest sense of the word. The boy's name was Rudolf Diesel.

In 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began, and the Diesel family was forced to emigrate a second time - to London. 12-year-old Rudolf was sent to be educated at a real school in Augsburg, where his uncle taught mathematics.

At the age of 15, he entered the Industrial School of Augsburg, after which he received a scholarship to study at the Higher Polytechnic School in Munich. One of his teachers, who taught a course in thermodynamics, was Carl von Linde, one of the founders of cryogenic technology, the developer of the method of cooling and separating gases, and in fact the inventor of the refrigerator. In 1880, Diesel graduated with honors from the Munich Higher School and went to Paris, where he soon headed a branch of the ice company owned by von Linde. And soon he received the first patent for a method for making transparent ice.

But the real dream of Rudolf Diesel was not ice at all, but flame - he wanted to improve the internal combustion engine designed by August Otto, invented shortly before. From the point of view of Diesel himself, the Otto engine had significant drawbacks - in particular, its efficiency at that time was only 15%, and the ignition system was complex and unreliable. Diesel tried to work around these limitations by experimenting with the thermodynamic Carnot cycle and then developing his own cycle.

In 1892, he filed the first patent application for "the principle of operation and design of the internal combustion engine", in 1893 - the second and at the same time published the work "Theory and design of a rational heat engine to replace steam engines and existing internal combustion engines." Rudolf Diesel's main idea was that he abandoned the ignition system (the fuel was ignited by air heated during the compression process), as well as the carburetor, replacing it with a high pressure pump.

In 1893, Diesel began preparations for the production of his engines at the MAN plant (Maschinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg), but the debugging of prototypes was slow and lasted right up to 1897. The first production models were used as stationary and were far from perfect - both in terms of practical efficiency and on reliability, causing a lot of complaints from buyers.The dream of the inventor that his motors will appear in vehicles, began to be realized only in 1903, when the first marine diesel engine appeared.

The first MAN truck with a diesel engine was released only in 1924, but the inventor did not live up to this event: on September 29, 1913, he boarded the Dresden mail steamer in Antwerp, bound for London, and a week later his body was fished out of the English Channel. Biographers are of the opinion that it was a suicide caused by financial turmoil and crisis.

Author: S.Apresov

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