Jackhammer. History of invention and production

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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
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Jackhammer. History of invention and production

The history of technology, technology, objects around us

Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us

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A jackhammer is a mechanical hand-held impact tool designed for loosening and splitting not very strong materials, for example: sedimentary rocks, asphalt, concrete structures. The working body is usually a metal chisel or pike.

Jackhammer

The mechanization of the tool consists in the action on the executive body of a series of mechanical impulses from the striker, which is set in motion by some kind of drive. The impact frequency is 16...25 Hz. When a shock impulse is imparted to the chisel from the side of the striker (butt plate), the cutting edge of the chisel acts on the material being processed, cutting it or splitting it.

According to the type of drive, jackhammers are divided into: pneumatic - driven by a pressure difference between the sides of the piston; electrical - working through the conversion of electrical energy into mechanical; gasoline - using an internal combustion engine built into the hammer body; hydraulic, etc.

Few people pay attention to road workers. Well, some people in bright orange vests are swarming around there - just think, a big deal! Nobody notices their instrument at all. And in vain! The evolution of this very instrument is of particular interest.

The first easel version of the jackhammer was invented earlier by the engineer Germain Sommeyer in the late 1850s. January 30, 1894 in Detroit, American Charles King patented an easel pneumatic perforator (jackhammer.

Pneumatic jackhammer Sommeyer

The striker, which moves inside the hammer body at a speed of 1000-1500 beats per minute, strikes the tail of the tool. These blows are transmitted to the so-called "executive body", or, to put it more simply, the nozzle. Nozzles are very different - from a peak to a shovel, depending on the work performed.

In electric jackhammers, an electric motor turns the rotor, which communicates the forward movement of the striker. But the electric motor has a serious drawback - it can spark. This precludes its use where there is a risk of fire or explosion.

Gasoline jackhammers have so many disadvantages that we won't even try to list them. But there is also an advantage - they can work even in an open field, where there is no other source of energy. True, the question remains - what should they do there?

And it is quite natural that in the battle of different types of jackhammers, the pneumatic one won. It would be appropriate to recall here that there are two types of pneumatic engines - firstly, volumetric and, secondly, turbine ones. In the first type of engines, work is done as a result of the expansion of compressed air in the cylinders of a reciprocating machine, that is, the potential energy of compressed air is used. In the second type, the work is done as a result of the action of the air flow on the turbine blades, that is, kinetic energy is used. Compressed air is supplied to the tool through a flexible hose, which can be of considerable length.

Jackhammer device (click to enlarge): 1 - handle; 2 - shock absorber; 3 - spring; 4 - valve; 5 - fixing ring; 6 - body; 7 - striker (drummer); 8 - buffer spring; 9 - peak; 10 - nipple

Piston and rotary pneumatic motors belong to the displacement class. They are most widely used in jackhammers (as elsewhere, however). They have a lot of advantages - they do not spark, they are not afraid of moisture. True, compressed air must be obtained from somewhere. But this is not a big problem, since the pumps can be placed at a considerable distance from the place of work of the tool.

But electric jackhammers are not dead either - there are many uses for them. Today they are produced by all major companies manufacturing industrial tools - Atlas Copco, Dauer, DeWalt, Makita, Bosch, Hilti. But most importantly, jackhammers gave rise to a new class of tools - perforators. This is, in general, the same jackhammer (of course, with significantly less power), but also a drill. The term "perforator" itself came from mining and originally meant "boring hammer". Of course, in modern perforators there is no device for removing rock (compressed air or a jet of water is used for this in mining), but, in general, not the essence has changed, but rather the scope - now with the help of perforators they make holes in a variety of materials.

The main thing to consider when choosing a hammer drill is power. And the price, of course. Here, as nowhere else, the rule - "the cheaper, the worse" applies. Preferably devices with a metal box and with additional features - turning off rotation, etc.

In general, if you really need a hammer drill, you can spend a lot of money sensibly and tastefully. The costs will pay off - no doubt.

Author: S.Apresov

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