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HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, OBJECTS AROUND US
Drilling rig. History of invention and production
Directory / The history of technology, technology, objects around us Drilling rig or drilling rig - a complex of drilling equipment and structures designed for drilling wells. The composition of the units of the drilling rig, their design is determined by the purpose of the well, the conditions and method of drilling.
Before the advent of kerosene, wax candles and whale oil served as the main source of lighting in many countries. For the sake of the latter, hundreds of thousands of whales were exterminated. Soon whales became a rarity, and it became necessary to replace whale oil with some other oil. Then resorted to a mixture of turpentine with alcohol; attempts were also made to extract oil from coal by distillation.
In 1844, the American chemist Abram Gesner obtained lighting oil from coal, which he called "kerosene". But later the name "kerosene" was assigned to refined oil. The method of obtaining kerosene from oil was discovered in 1857 by Ferris. Unlike crude oil (which was also tried to be used for lighting), kerosene burned much better, and without soot and fumes, which ensured the success of the new invention. Since that time, the rate of oil production has been steadily increasing. At the same time, a society was founded in New York to develop oil sources in the state of Pennsylvania. At first, mining was carried out in the most primitive well way, in which oil workers dug a deep hole and scooped oil out of it like water in buckets. One of the leaders of the society, Bissel, soon had the idea to extract oil using boreholes. This idea seems very simple, but no one had thought of it before. Bissel learned that drilling had been extracting water from deep salt springs for many years (the salt was then evaporated from this water), and many of these sources were abandoned because they contained oil along with the water. Thus, it could be concluded that oil and water are underground close to each other and nothing prevents pumping oil from the well using pumps in the same way as they did with water. Many, however, reacted to this proposal with distrust. By the middle of the XNUMXth century, the art of drilling the earth had come a long way of development, but on the whole it was still at a rather primitive level. The predominant method was the so-called impact drilling, in which the well was hollowed out in the rock by blows of a wedge-shaped destructive tool - a flat chisel or drill. Drilling took place in the following way. First, they chose a place for the well. Then a tower was built and the guide tube was carefully installed. The drilling rig served as a machine for lifting the drill. Drilling was carried out by blows. At the end of the pole, a heavy head with incisors was strengthened: with the help of a rope thrown over a block, it was lowered and then raised again. She crushed the rock with her gravity. In order for the well to get the correct shape, the bit was rotated at a certain angle before each blow. When the drill went deep into the ground for its entire length, a rod about 3 m long was screwed to it. Iron pipes were lowered into the drilled hole to fix the walls. To extract crushed rock particles, they were moistened with water and turned into mud, which was periodically taken up with the help of a bailer - a long bucket with a valve at the end. It is clear that each time for this it was necessary to remove the drilling tool from the well and unscrew it into parts. This work (lifting, unscrewing and screwing the percussion tool) took a huge amount of working time. If the ground was soft, it was possible to go up to 18 m in a day, but usually they managed to drill no more than 3-4 m. The deeper the drill reached, the slower the work went. In 1846, Fauvel invented a method for flushing wells with a water jet. He began to use hollow rods and pump water into them, which was then pumped out between the walls of the drill and the well, along with fragments of crushed rock. This invention marked an era in the history of drilling technology. With such a drilling device, there could never be an accumulation of dirt at the bottom of the wells and there was no need to constantly raise the tool. With this invention of Fauvel, the difficulties of drilling were reduced by 9/10, and it immediately began to develop rapidly. The cost of drilling operations has decreased by 10 times. This was the state of affairs when Bissel decided to use drilling equipment to search for and extract oil. Then he did not yet suspect what a revolution in the economy his idea would make. Drilling was entrusted to engineer Drake. In March 1858, a deep open shaft was dug near the city of Titesville in Pennsylvania, from the bottom of which drilling began. The history of this first oil well is full of dramatic episodes, Drake had to overcome many difficulties from the very beginning due to a lack of the right people and tools. No one had confidence in a man who wanted to extract oil from a water-lifting mine. Finally, Drake found an experienced driller who had been doing his job for 30 years. He undertook to bring the well to the end. But as soon as they started work, the drillers stumbled upon a water layer, and the water gushed out of the well with such force that they had to leave the mine in a panic - otherwise they would have simply drowned. To improve the situation, Drake ordered a large iron pipe to be passed through the aquifer and sand, after which drilling could continue further. At the end of April 1859, when the drillers reached a depth of 21 m, oil came out of the well. Thus, the experience was a success. When the pump was installed, it began to pump out 8 barrels of oil per day. A week later, this number increased to 20 barrels. At the end of October of the same year, a fire broke out at the first well and the entire station burned down. However, the entrepreneurs did not despair and installed a new tower in the same place, which from the first day began to produce 30 barrels per day - a number that remained unsurpassed for many years.
Drake's successful experience marked the beginning of the US oil industry. News of the success of his oil installations quickly spread throughout the country. Bissel leased new oil fields. Other entrepreneurs followed suit. Soon a real oil boom began. Oil production turned out to be the most profitable enterprise. It happened that land plots that cost $30-40 the day before, soared in price up to $10 in a few days. This attracted many speculators and capitalists to the oil business. The huge concentration of capital in this area has made it possible to work miracles. Oil pipelines and railways were laid with fabulous speed, cities appeared as if from under the ground in the desert, thousands of oil derricks sprouted like mushrooms in the oil fields. The technique of oil extraction was rapidly improved. Since 1858, when percussive drilling, a steam engine began to be used to pull out the drill. But even more important was the transition to more productive rotary (rotary) drilling. With this method of drilling, a cylindrical hole was drilled, as it were, with a continuously rotating bit, and crushed particles were brought to the surface during drilling by a constantly circulating jet of flushing fluid, continuously pumped into the well by a special pump. In 1889, Chapman invented a rotary drilling rig, the design of which has not fundamentally changed to this day. The rotor (rotating mechanism) received here the movement from a powerful internal combustion engine and transmitted it to the leading pipe, and through it to the drill pipes and the bit. At first, Chapman's rig was used for water drilling. In 1901, the first oil well was drilled on it. Author: Ryzhov K.V.
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